paired like homeodomain 2
Last updated 19 Apr 2023
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The PITX2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and regulates the activity of other genes. On the basis of this action, the PITX2 protein is called a transcription factor. The PITX2 gene is part of a family of homeobox genes, which act during early embryonic development to control the formation of many parts of the body.
Normal function
The PITX2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and regulates the activity of other genes. On the basis of this action, the PITX2 protein is called a transcription factor. The PITX2 gene is part of a family of homeobox genes, which act during early embryonic development to control the formation of many parts of the body.
The PITX2 protein plays a critical role in early development, particularly in the formation of structures in the front part of the eye (the anterior segment). These structures include the colored part of the eye (the iris), the lens of the eye, and the clear front covering of the eye (the cornea). Studies suggest that the PITX2 protein also has functions in the adult eye, such as helping cells respond to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when unstable molecules called free radicals accumulate to levels that can damage or kill cells.
The PITX2 protein is also involved in the normal development of other parts of the body, including the teeth, heart, and abdominal organs.
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
all1-responsive gene 1
ARP1
Brx1
IDG2
IGDS
IGDS2
IHG2
IRID2
Otlx2
paired-like homeodomain 2
paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2
pituitary homeobox 2
PITX2_HUMAN
PTX2
RGS
RIEG
rieg bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor 1
RIEG1
RS
solurshin
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Further reading and references
- paired like homeodomain 2; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Berry FB, Lines MA, Oas JM, Footz T, Underhill DA, Gage PJ, Walter MA. Functional interactions between FOXC1 and PITX2 underlie the sensitivity to FOXC1 gene dose in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and anterior segment dysgenesis. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Mar 15;15(6):905-19. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl008. Epub 2006 Jan 31.
- D'haene B, Meire F, Claerhout I, Kroes HY, Plomp A, Arens YH, de Ravel T, Casteels I, De Jaegere S, Hooghe S, Wuyts W, van den Ende J, Roulez F, Veenstra-Knol HE, Oldenburg RA, Giltay J, Verheij JB, de Faber JT, Menten B, De Paepe A, Kestelyn P, Leroy BP, De Baere E. Expanding the spectrum of FOXC1 and PITX2 mutations and copy number changes in patients with anterior segment malformations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jan 21;52(1):324-33. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5309.
- Doward W, Perveen R, Lloyd IC, Ridgway AE, Wilson L, Black GC. A mutation in the RIEG1 gene associated with Peters' anomaly. J Med Genet. 1999 Feb;36(2):152-5.
- Footz T, Idrees F, Acharya M, Kozlowski K, Walter MA. Analysis of mutations of the PITX2 transcription factor found in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Jun;50(6):2599-606. doi: 10.1167/iovs.08-3251. Epub 2009 Feb 14.
- Pearce WG, Mielke BC, Kulak SC, Walter MA. Histopathology and molecular basis of iridogoniodysgenesis syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet. 1999 Jun;20(2):83-8. doi: 10.1076/opge.20.2.83.2294.
- Reis LM, Tyler RC, Volkmann Kloss BA, Schilter KF, Levin AV, Lowry RB, Zwijnenburg PJ, Stroh E, Broeckel U, Murray JC, Semina EV. PITX2 and FOXC1 spectrum of mutations in ocular syndromes. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012 Dec;20(12):1224-33. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.80. Epub 2012 May 9.
- Strungaru MH, Dinu I, Walter MA. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Axenfeld-Rieger malformation and glaucoma patients with FOXC1 and PITX2 mutations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jan;48(1):228-37. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0472.
- Strungaru MH, Footz T, Liu Y, Berry FB, Belleau P, Semina EV, Raymond V, Walter MA. PITX2 is involved in stress response in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells through regulation of SLC13A3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Sep 29;52(10):7625-33. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6967.
- Tumer Z, Bach-Holm D. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and spectrum of PITX2 and FOXC1 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009 Dec;17(12):1527-39. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.93. Epub 2009 Jun 10.
- Xia K, Wu L, Liu X, Xi X, Liang D, Zheng D, Cai F, Pan Q, Long Z, Dai H, Hu Z, Tang B, Zhang Z, Xia J. Mutation in PITX2 is associated with ring dermoid of the cornea. J Med Genet. 2004 Dec;41(12):e129. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2004.022434. No abstract available.
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