Cap myopathy
Last updated 18 Aug 2020
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Cap myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. People with cap myopathy have muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body, but they are most severely affected in the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. The muscle weakness, which begins at birth or during childhood, can worsen over time.
Description
Cap myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. People with cap myopathy have muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body, but they are most severely affected in the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. The muscle weakness, which begins at birth or during childhood, can worsen over time.
Affected individuals may have feeding and swallowing difficulties in infancy. They typically have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking. They may fall frequently, tire easily, and have difficulty running, climbing stairs, or jumping. In some cases, the muscles used for breathing are affected, and life-threatening breathing difficulties can occur.
People with cap myopathy may have a high arch in the roof of the mouth (high-arched palate), severely drooping eyelids (ptosis), and a long face. Some affected individuals develop an abnormally curved lower back (lordosis) or a spine that curves to the side (scoliosis).
The name cap myopathy comes from characteristic abnormal cap-like structures that can be seen in muscle cells when muscle tissue is viewed under a microscope. The severity of cap myopathy is related to the percentage of muscle cells that have these caps. Individuals in whom 70 to 75 percent of muscle cells have caps typically have severe breathing problems and may not survive childhood, while those in whom 10 to 30 percent of muscle cells have caps have milder symptoms and can live into adulthood.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Not inherited; Autosomal dominant. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Cap disease
Congenital myopathy with caps
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Further reading and references
- Cap myopathy; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Clarke NF, Domazetovska A, Waddell L, Kornberg A, McLean C, North KN. Cap disease due to mutation of the beta-tropomyosin gene (TPM2). Neuromuscul Disord. 2009 May;19(5):348-51. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.03.003. Epub 2009 Apr 3.
- De Paula AM, Franques J, Fernandez C, Monnier N, Lunardi J, Pellissier JF, Figarella-Branger D, Pouget J. A TPM3 mutation causing cap myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2009 Oct;19(10):685-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.365. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
- Goebel HH. Cap disease uncapped. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007 Jun;17(6):429-32. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.03.011. Epub 2007 Apr 16. No abstract available.
- Hung RM, Yoon G, Hawkins CE, Halliday W, Biggar D, Vajsar J. Cap myopathy caused by a mutation of the skeletal alpha-actin gene ACTA1. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010 Apr;20(4):238-40. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
- Lehtokari VL, Ceuterick-de Groote C, de Jonghe P, Marttila M, Laing NG, Pelin K, Wallgren-Pettersson C. Cap disease caused by heterozygous deletion of the beta-tropomyosin gene TPM2. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007 Jun;17(6):433-42. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.02.015. Epub 2007 Apr 16.
- Marttila M, Lemola E, Wallefeld W, Memo M, Donner K, Laing NG, Marston S, Gronholm M, Wallgren-Pettersson C. Abnormal actin binding of aberrant beta-tropomyosins is a molecular cause of muscle weakness in TPM2-related nemaline and cap myopathy. Biochem J. 2012 Feb 15;442(1):231-9. doi: 10.1042/BJ20111030.
- Ochala J. Thin filament proteins mutations associated with skeletal myopathies: defective regulation of muscle contraction. J Mol Med (Berl). 2008 Nov;86(11):1197-204. doi: 10.1007/s00109-008-0380-9. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
- Ohlsson M, Quijano-Roy S, Darin N, Brochier G, Lacene E, Avila-Smirnow D, Fardeau M, Oldfors A, Tajsharghi H. New morphologic and genetic findings in cap disease associated with beta-tropomyosin (TPM2) mutations. Neurology. 2008 Dec 2;71(23):1896-901. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000336654.44814.b8.
- Waddell LB, Kreissl M, Kornberg A, Kennedy P, McLean C, Labarre-Vila A, Monnier N, North KN, Clarke NF. Evidence for a dominant negative disease mechanism in cap myopathy due to TPM3. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010 Jul;20(7):464-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.05.012. Epub 2010 Jun 15.
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