Microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay
Last updated 18 Aug 2020
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Microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay (MCSZ) is a condition characterised by an abnormally small head size (microcephaly) and neurological problems related to impaired brain development before birth. Affected individuals typically have recurrent seizures (epilepsy) beginning in infancy and delayed development of motor skills, such as sitting and walking. Speech is also delayed, and some affected individuals are never able to speak. Intellectual disability and behaviour problems, primarily hyperactivity, are also common features of MCSZ. Rarely, individuals with MCSZ also have poor balance and coordination (ataxia).
Description
Microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay (MCSZ) is a condition characterised by an abnormally small head size (microcephaly) and neurological problems related to impaired brain development before birth. Affected individuals typically have recurrent seizures (epilepsy) beginning in infancy and delayed development of motor skills, such as sitting and walking. Speech is also delayed, and some affected individuals are never able to speak. Intellectual disability and behaviour problems, primarily hyperactivity, are also common features of MCSZ. Rarely, individuals with MCSZ also have poor balance and coordination (ataxia).
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal recessive. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
EIEE10
Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 10
MCSZ
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Further reading and references
- Microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Dumitrache LC, McKinnon PJ. Polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP) mutations and neurologic disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017 Jan;161(Pt A):121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.04.009. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
- Poulton C, Oegema R, Heijsman D, Hoogeboom J, Schot R, Stroink H, Willemsen MA, Verheijen FW, van de Spek P, Kremer A, Mancini GM. Progressive cerebellar atrophy and polyneuropathy: expanding the spectrum of PNKP mutations. Neurogenetics. 2013 Feb;14(1):43-51. doi: 10.1007/s10048-012-0351-8. Epub 2012 Dec 9.
- Reynolds JJ, Walker AK, Gilmore EC, Walsh CA, Caldecott KW. Impact of PNKP mutations associated with microcephaly, seizures and developmental delay on enzyme activity and DNA strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Aug;40(14):6608-19. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks318. Epub 2012 Apr 15.
- Shen J, Gilmore EC, Marshall CA, Haddadin M, Reynolds JJ, Eyaid W, Bodell A, Barry B, Gleason D, Allen K, Ganesh VS, Chang BS, Grix A, Hill RS, Topcu M, Caldecott KW, Barkovich AJ, Walsh CA. Mutations in PNKP cause microcephaly, seizures and defects in DNA repair. Nat Genet. 2010 Mar;42(3):245-9. doi: 10.1038/ng.526. Epub 2010 Jan 31.
- Shimada M, Dumitrache LC, Russell HR, McKinnon PJ. Polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase enables neurogenesis via multiple DNA repair pathways to maintain genome stability. EMBO J. 2015 Oct 1;34(19):2465-80. doi: 10.15252/embj.201591363. Epub 2015 Aug 19.
- Weinfeld M, Mani RS, Abdou I, Aceytuno RD, Glover JN. Tidying up loose ends: the role of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase in DNA strand break repair. Trends Biochem Sci. 2011 May;36(5):262-71. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.01.006. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
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