Oral-facial-digital syndrome
Last updated 18 Aug 2020
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Oral-facial-digital syndrome is actually a group of related conditions that affect the development of the oral cavity (the mouth and teeth), facial features, and digits (fingers and toes).
Description
Oral-facial-digital syndrome is actually a group of related conditions that affect the development of the oral cavity (the mouth and teeth), facial features, and digits (fingers and toes).
Researchers have identified at least 13 potential forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome. The different types are classified by their patterns of signs and symptoms. However, the features of the various types overlap significantly, and some types are not well defined. The classification system for oral-facial-digital syndrome continues to evolve as researchers find more affected individuals and learn more about this disorder.
The signs and symptoms of oral-facial-digital syndrome vary widely. However, most forms of this disorder involve problems with development of the oral cavity, facial features, and digits. Most forms are also associated with brain abnormalities and some degree of intellectual disability.
Abnormalities of the oral cavity that occur in many types of oral-facial-digital syndrome include a split (cleft) in the tongue, a tongue with an unusual lobed shape, and the growth of noncancerous tumours or nodules on the tongue. Affected individuals may also have extra, missing, or defective teeth. Another common feature is an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate). Some people with oral-facial-digital syndrome have bands of extra tissue (called hyperplastic frenula) that abnormally attach the lip to the gums.
Distinctive facial features often associated with oral-facial-digital syndrome include a split in the lip (a cleft lip); a wide nose with a broad, flat nasal bridge; and widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism).
Abnormalities of the digits can affect both the fingers and the toes in people with oral-facial-digital syndrome. These abnormalities include fusion of certain fingers or toes (syndactyly), digits that are shorter than usual (brachydactyly), or digits that are unusually curved (clinodactyly). The presence of extra digits (polydactyly) is also seen in most forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome.
Other features occur in only one or a few types of oral-facial digital syndrome. These features help distinguish the different forms of the disorder. For example, the most common form of oral-facial-digital syndrome, type I, is associated with polycystic kidney disease. This kidney disease is characterised by the growth of fluid-filled sacs (cysts) that interfere with the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood. Other forms of oral-facial-digital syndrome are characterised by neurological problems, particular changes in the structure of the brain, bone abnormalities, vision loss, and heart defects.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: X-linked dominant; Autosomal recessive. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Dysplasia linguofacialis
OFDS
Oro-facio-digital syndrome
Orodigitofacial dysostosis
Orodigitofacial syndrome
Orofaciodigital syndrome
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Further reading and references
- Oral-facial-digital syndrome; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Ferrante MI, Giorgio G, Feather SA, Bulfone A, Wright V, Ghiani M, Selicorni A, Gammaro L, Scolari F, Woolf AS, Sylvie O, Bernard L, Malcolm S, Winter R, Ballabio A, Franco B. Identification of the gene for oral-facial-digital type I syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;68(3):569-76. doi: 10.1086/318802. Epub 2001 Feb 13.
- Gurrieri F, Franco B, Toriello H, Neri G. Oral-facial-digital syndromes: review and diagnostic guidelines. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Dec 15;143A(24):3314-23. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32032.
- Macca M, Franco B. The molecular basis of oral-facial-digital syndrome, type 1. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 Nov 15;151C(4):318-25. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30224.
- Nowaczyk MJ, Zeesman S, Whelan DT, Wright V, Feather SA. Oral-facial-digital syndrome VII is oral-facial-digital syndrome I: a clarification. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Dec 1;123A(2):179-82. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20215.
- Prattichizzo C, Macca M, Novelli V, Giorgio G, Barra A, Franco B; Oral-Facial-Digital Type I (OFDI) Collaborative Group. Mutational spectrum of the oral-facial-digital type I syndrome: a study on a large collection of patients. Hum Mutat. 2008 Oct;29(10):1237-46. doi: 10.1002/humu.20792.
- Saal S, Faivre L, Aral B, Gigot N, Toutain A, Van Maldergem L, Destree A, Maystadt I, Cosyns JP, Jouk PS, Loeys B, Chauveau D, Bieth E, Layet V, Mathieu M, Lespinasse J, Teebi A, Franco B, Gautier E, Binquet C, Masurel-Paulet A, Mousson C, Gouyon JB, Huet F, Thauvin-Robinet C. Renal insufficiency, a frequent complication with age in oral-facial-digital syndrome type I. Clin Genet. 2010 Mar;77(3):258-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01290.x. Epub 2009 Oct 8.
- Siebert JR. The oral-facial-digital syndromes. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;87:341-51. doi: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)87018-7. No abstract available.
- Thauvin-Robinet C, Cossee M, Cormier-Daire V, Van Maldergem L, Toutain A, Alembik Y, Bieth E, Layet V, Parent P, David A, Goldenberg A, Mortier G, Heron D, Sagot P, Bouvier AM, Huet F, Cusin V, Donzel A, Devys D, Teyssier JR, Faivre L. Clinical, molecular, and genotype-phenotype correlation studies from 25 cases of oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1: a French and Belgian collaborative study. J Med Genet. 2006 Jan;43(1):54-61. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2004.027672.
- Toriello HV. Are the oral-facial-digital syndromes ciliopathies? Am J Med Genet A. 2009 May;149A(5):1089-95. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32799.
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