Parathyroid cancer

Description

Parathyroid cancer is a rare cancer that usually affects people in their forties or fifties and occurs in one of the four parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are located in the neck and secrete parathyroid hormone, which enhances the release of calcium into the blood.

In about 90 percent of cases, the early signs of parathyroid cancer are high levels of parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism) and calcium (hypercalcemia) in the blood. In these cases, the cancer is described as hormonally functional because the parathyroid glands are producing excess hormone.

Many individuals with hormonally functional parathyroid cancer develop hypercalcemic crisis, in which calcium levels in the blood are very high. Neurological problems can develop, including changes in mood and depression. About 30 percent of individuals with hypercalcemia due to parathyroid cancer develop kidney and skeletal problems. These problems include increased urine production (polyuria), deposits of calcium in the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis) leading to the formation of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), bone pain, bone loss, and increased bone fractures. Abdominal pain, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), sores (ulcers) in the lining of the digestive tract, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue are also common.

About 10 percent of cases of parathyroid cancer are described as hormonally nonfunctional. In these cases, levels of parathyroid hormone and calcium are normal. The signs and symptoms of hormonally nonfunctional parathyroid cancer are related to the tumour obstructing nearby structures in the neck. These problems include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking (dysarthria), a hoarse voice, shortness of breath (dyspnea), or vocal cord paralysis.

Up to 85 percent of individuals with parathyroid survive at least 5 years after they are diagnosed. The disease recurs in approximately half of individuals. If cancer does recur, it will commonly be within 3 years of the original diagnosis and up to 78 percent of people with recurrent cancer survive at least 5 years. Hormonally nonfunctional parathyroid cancer has a lower survival rate because it is often found at a later stage, as it does not have early signs such as increased calcium and parathyroid hormone levels.

In hormonally functional parathyroid cancer, death is usually caused by organ failure (usually kidney failure) due to prolonged hypercalcemia and not directly due to the tumour. In hormonally nonfunctional parathyroid cancer, the cause of death is typically related to the tumour itself, such as its impact on the function of nearby structures or its spread to other tissues (metastasis).

Inheritance patterns

The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Not inherited; Autosomal dominant. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.

Related genes

• CDC73

Other names

Cancer of the parathyroid

Cancer of the parathyroid gland

Carcinoma of parathyroid gland

Malignant neoplasm of parathyroid

Malignant neoplasm of parathyroid gland

Malignant parathyroid gland neoplasm

Malignant parathyroid gland tumour

Malignant parathyroid neoplasm

Malignant parathyroid tumour

Malignant tumour of parathyroid

Malignant tumour of parathyroid gland

Parathyroid adenocarcinoma

Parathyroid carcinoma

Parathyroid gland cancer

Parathyroid gland carcinoma

Parathyroid neoplasms