Alzheimer's disease

Description

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgement, and ability to function. This disorder usually appears in people older than age 65, but less common forms of the disease appear earlier in adulthood.

Memory loss is the most common sign of Alzheimer's disease. Forgetfulness may be subtle at first, but the loss of memory worsens over time until it interferes with most aspects of daily living. Even in familiar settings, a person with Alzheimer's disease may get lost or become confused. Routine tasks such as preparing meals, doing laundry, and performing other household chores can be challenging. Additionally, it may become difficult to recognise people and name objects. Affected people increasingly require help with dressing, eating, and personal care.

As the disorder progresses, some people with Alzheimer's disease experience personality and behavioural changes and have trouble interacting in a socially appropriate manner. Other common symptoms include agitation, restlessness, withdrawal, and loss of language skills. People with Alzheimer's disease usually require total care during the advanced stages of the disease.

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease usually survive 8 to 10 years after the appearance of symptoms, but the course of the disease can range from 1 to 25 years. Survival is usually shorter in individuals diagnosed after age 80 than in those diagnosed at a younger age. In Alzheimer's disease, death usually results from pneumonia, malnutrition, or general body wasting (inanition).

Alzheimer's disease can be classified as early-onset or late-onset. The signs and symptoms of the early-onset form appear between a person's thirties and mid-sixties, while the late-onset form appears during or after a person's mid-sixties. The early-onset form of Alzheimer's disease is much less common than the late-onset form, accounting for less than 10 percent of all cases of Alzheimer's disease.

Inheritance patterns

The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Pattern unknown; Autosomal dominant+1 affected parent. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.

Related genes

• APP

• APOE

• PSEN1

• PSEN2

Other names

AD

Alzheimer dementia (AD)

Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer sclerosis

Alzheimer syndrome

Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD)

DAT

Familial Alzheimer disease (FAD)

Presenile and senile dementia

Primary senile degenerative dementia

SDAT