Coffin-Siris syndrome
Last updated 30 Aug 2021
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Coffin-Siris syndrome is a condition that affects several body systems. Although there are many variable signs and symptoms, hallmarks of this condition include developmental disability, abnormalities of the fifth (pinky) fingers or toes, and characteristic facial features.
Description
Coffin-Siris syndrome is a condition that affects several body systems. Although there are many variable signs and symptoms, hallmarks of this condition include developmental disability, abnormalities of the fifth (pinky) fingers or toes, and characteristic facial features.
Most affected individuals have mild to severe intellectual disability or delayed development of speech and motor skills such as sitting and walking. Another feature of Coffin-Siris syndrome is underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the tips of the fingers or toes, or hypoplasia or absence of the nails. These abnormalities are most common on the fifth fingers or toes.
In addition, most people with Coffin-Siris syndrome have facial features described as coarse. These features typically include a wide nose with a flat nasal bridge, a wide mouth with thick lips, and thick eyebrows and eyelashes. Affected individuals can have excess hair on other parts of the face and body (hirsutism), but scalp hair is often sparse. People with Coffin-Siris syndrome can have a range of facial features, and not all affected individuals have the typical features. In addition, people with this condition may have an abnormally small head (microcephaly).
Additionally, some infants and children with Coffin-Siris syndrome have frequent respiratory infections, difficulty feeding, and an inability to gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive). Other signs and symptoms that may occur in people with this condition include short stature, low muscle tone (hypotonia), and abnormally loose (lax) joints. Abnormalities of the eyes, brain, heart, and kidneys may also be present.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal dominant. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
CSS
Dwarfism-onychodysplasia
Fifth digit syndrome
Mental retardation with hypoplastic fifth fingernails and toenails
Short stature-onychodysplasia
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Further reading and references
- Coffin-Siris syndrome; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
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- Euskirchen G, Auerbach RK, Snyder M. SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling factors: multiscale analyses and diverse functions. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 7;287(37):30897-905. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R111.309302. Epub 2012 Sep 5.
- Milone R, Gnazzo M, Stefanutti E, Serafin D, Novelli A. A new missense mutation in DPF2 gene related to Coffin Siris syndrome 7: Description of a mild phenotype expanding DPF2-related clinical spectrum and differential diagnosis among similar syndromes epigenetically determined. Brain Dev. 2020 Feb;42(2):192-198. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.10.007. Epub 2019 Nov 6.
- Santen GW, Aten E, Sun Y, Almomani R, Gilissen C, Nielsen M, Kant SG, Snoeck IN, Peeters EA, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Wessels MW, den Hollander NS, Ruivenkamp CA, van Ommen GJ, Breuning MH, den Dunnen JT, van Haeringen A, Kriek M. Mutations in SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex gene ARID1B cause Coffin-Siris syndrome. Nat Genet. 2012 Mar 18;44(4):379-80. doi: 10.1038/ng.2217.
- Santen GW, Aten E, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Pottinger C, van Bon BW, van Minderhout IJ, Snowdowne R, van der Lans CA, Boogaard M, Linssen MM, Vijfhuizen L, van der Wielen MJ, Vollebregt MJ; Coffin-Siris consortium; Breuning MH, Kriek M, van Haeringen A, den Dunnen JT, Hoischen A, Clayton-Smith J, de Vries BB, Hennekam RC, van Belzen MJ. Coffin-Siris syndrome and the BAF complex: genotype-phenotype study in 63 patients. Hum Mutat. 2013 Nov;34(11):1519-28. doi: 10.1002/humu.22394. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
- Santen GW, Kriek M, van Attikum H. SWI/SNF complex in disorder: SWItching from malignancies to intellectual disability. Epigenetics. 2012 Nov;7(11):1219-24. doi: 10.4161/epi.22299. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
- Schrier SA, Bodurtha JN, Burton B, Chudley AE, Chiong MA, D'avanzo MG, Lynch SA, Musio A, Nyazov DM, Sanchez-Lara PA, Shalev SA, Deardorff MA. The Coffin-Siris syndrome: a proposed diagnostic approach and assessment of 15 overlapping cases. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Aug;158A(8):1865-76. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35415. Epub 2012 Jun 18.
- Schrier Vergano S, Santen G, Wieczorek D, Matsumoto N. Coffin-Siris Syndrome. 2013 Apr 4 [updated 2025 May 15]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK131811/
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- Tsurusaki Y, Koshimizu E, Ohashi H, Phadke S, Kou I, Shiina M, Suzuki T, Okamoto N, Imamura S, Yamashita M, Watanabe S, Yoshiura K, Kodera H, Miyatake S, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Ogata K, Ikegawa S, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. De novo SOX11 mutations cause Coffin-Siris syndrome. Nat Commun. 2014 Jun 2;5:4011. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5011.
- Tsurusaki Y, Okamoto N, Ohashi H, Kosho T, Imai Y, Hibi-Ko Y, Kaname T, Naritomi K, Kawame H, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Homma T, Kato M, Hiraki Y, Yamagata T, Yano S, Mizuno S, Sakazume S, Ishii T, Nagai T, Shiina M, Ogata K, Ohta T, Niikawa N, Miyatake S, Okada I, Mizuguchi T, Doi H, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. Mutations affecting components of the SWI/SNF complex cause Coffin-Siris syndrome. Nat Genet. 2012 Mar 18;44(4):376-8. doi: 10.1038/ng.2219.
- Vasileiou G, Vergarajauregui S, Endele S, Popp B, Buttner C, Ekici AB, Gerard M, Bramswig NC, Albrecht B, Clayton-Smith J, Morton J, Tomkins S, Low K, Weber A, Wenzel M, Altmuller J, Li Y, Wollnik B, Hoganson G, Plona MR, Cho MT; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study; Thiel CT, Ludecke HJ, Strom TM, Calpena E, Wilkie AOM, Wieczorek D, Engel FB, Reis A. Mutations in the BAF-Complex Subunit DPF2 Are Associated with Coffin-Siris Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Mar 1;102(3):468-479. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.01.014. Epub 2018 Feb 8.
- Vasko A, Drivas TG, Schrier Vergano SA. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in 208 Individuals with Coffin-Siris Syndrome. Genes (Basel). 2021 Jun 19;12(6):937. doi: 10.3390/genes12060937.
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