Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
Last updated 11 Feb 2022
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Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a disorder characterised by episodes of abnormal movement that range from mild to severe. In the condition name, the word paroxysmal indicates that the abnormal movements come and go over time, kinesigenic means that episodes are triggered by movement, and dyskinesia refers to involuntary movement of the body.
Description
Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a disorder characterised by episodes of abnormal movement that range from mild to severe. In the condition name, the word paroxysmal indicates that the abnormal movements come and go over time, kinesigenic means that episodes are triggered by movement, and dyskinesia refers to involuntary movement of the body.
People with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia experience episodes of irregular jerking or shaking movements that are brought on by sudden motion, such as standing up quickly or being startled. An episode may involve slow, prolonged muscle contractions (dystonia); small, fast, "dance-like" motions (chorea); writhing movements of the limbs (athetosis); or, rarely, flailing movements of the limbs (ballismus).
Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia may affect one or both sides of the body. The type of abnormal movement varies among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. In many people with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, a pattern of symptoms called an aura immediately precedes the episode. The aura is often described as a crawling or tingling sensation in the affected body part. Individuals with this condition do not lose consciousness during an episode and do not experience any symptoms between episodes.
Individuals with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia usually first experience episodes during childhood or adolescence. Episodes typically last less than five minutes, and the frequency of episodes ranges from one per month to 100 per day. In most affected individuals, episodes occur less often with age.
In some people with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia the disorder begins in infancy with recurring seizures characteristic of those in a condition called benign familial infantile seizures. These seizures usually develop in the first year of life and stop by age 3. When benign familial infantile seizures are associated with familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, the condition is known as infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA). In families with ICCA, some individuals develop only benign familial infantile seizures, some have only familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and others have ICCA, which has features of both conditions.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal dominant. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Dystonia 10
Episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia
Familial paroxysmal dystonia
Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
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Further reading and references
- Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Chen WJ, Lin Y, Xiong ZQ, Wei W, Ni W, Tan GH, Guo SL, He J, Chen YF, Zhang QJ, Li HF, Lin Y, Murong SX, Xu J, Wang N, Wu ZY. Exome sequencing identifies truncating mutations in PRRT2 that cause paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Nat Genet. 2011 Nov 20;43(12):1252-5. doi: 10.1038/ng.1008.
- Gardiner AR, Jaffer F, Dale RC, Labrum R, Erro R, Meyer E, Xiromerisiou G, Stamelou M, Walker M, Kullmann D, Warner T, Jarman P, Hanna M, Kurian MA, Bhatia KP, Houlden H. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of paroxysmal dyskinesias. Brain. 2015 Dec;138(Pt 12):3567-80. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv310. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
- Kato N, Sadamatsu M, Kikuchi T, Niikawa N, Fukuyama Y. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis: from first discovery in 1892 to genetic linkage with benign familial infantile convulsions. Epilepsy Res. 2006 Aug;70 Suppl 1:S174-84. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.02.009. Epub 2006 Aug 9.
- Landolfi A, Barone P, Erro R. The Spectrum of PRRT2-Associated Disorders: Update on Clinical Features and Pathophysiology. Front Neurol. 2021 Mar 4;12:629747. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.629747. eCollection 2021.
- Mehta SH, Morgan JC, Sethi KD. Paroxysmal dyskinesias. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009 May;11(3):170-8. doi: 10.1007/s11940-009-0020-x.
- Rochette J, Roll P, Szepetowski P. Genetics of infantile seizures with paroxysmal dyskinesia: the infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) and ICCA-related syndromes. J Med Genet. 2008 Dec;45(12):773-9. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2008.059519.
- Silveira-Moriyama L, Gardiner AR, Meyer E, King MD, Smith M, Rakshi K, Parker A, Mallick AA, Brown R, Vassallo G, Jardine PE, Guerreiro MM, Lees AJ, Houlden H, Kurian MA. Clinical features of childhood-onset paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with PRRT2 gene mutations. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 Apr;55(4):327-34. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12056. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
- Tian WT, Huang XJ, Mao X, Liu Q, Liu XL, Zeng S, Guo XN, Shen JY, Xu YQ, Tang HD, Yin XM, Zhang M, Tang WG, Liu XR, Tang BS, Chen SD, Cao L. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2-negative paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Clinical and genetic analyses of 163 patients. Mov Disord. 2018 Mar;33(3):459-467. doi: 10.1002/mds.27274. Epub 2018 Jan 22.
- van Rootselaar AF, Schade van Westrum S, Velis DN, Tijssen MA. The paroxysmal dyskinesias. Pract Neurol. 2009 Apr;9(2):102-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.172213.
- Yin XM, Lin JH, Cao L, Zhang TM, Zeng S, Zhang KL, Tian WT, Hu ZM, Li N, Wang JL, Guo JF, Wang RX, Xia K, Zhang ZH, Yin F, Peng J, Liao WP, Yi YH, Liu JY, Yang ZX, Chen Z, Mao X, Yan XX, Jiang H, Shen L, Chen SD, Zhang LM, Tang BS. Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is associated with mutations in the KCNA1 gene. Hum Mol Genet. 2018 Feb 15;27(4):625-637. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx430.
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