adenosine deaminase RNA specific
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The ADAR gene provides instructions for making a protein called RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1). This protein is involved in making changes to (editing) RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA. Specifically, it attaches (binds) to RNA and changes an RNA building block (nucleotide) called adenosine to another nucleotide called inosine.
Normal function
The ADAR gene provides instructions for making a protein called RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1). This protein is involved in making changes to (editing) RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA. Specifically, it attaches (binds) to RNA and changes an RNA building block (nucleotide) called adenosine to another nucleotide called inosine.
The ADAR1 protein is involved in the control of the innate immune response, which is the immune system's early response to foreign invaders (pathogens). The immune system sometimes fails to recognise the body’s own RNA and may act as though it belongs to a pathogen that should be attacked. By changing adenosine to inosine, ADAR1 may prevent the immune system from targeting the body's own tissues.
The ADAR1 protein is also thought to inhibit the replication and spread of certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C, by modifying their RNA. In addition, the ADAR1 protein controls the function of certain chemical messengers called neurotransmitters at particular sites in the body by modifying the RNA blueprint for the receptor proteins that interact with the neurotransmitters. Studies suggest that the ADAR1 protein may have other functions that are not well understood.
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
ADAR1
adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1-A
DRADA
DSH
DSRAD
dsRNA adenosine deaminase
dsRNA adeonosine deaminase
IFI-4
IFI4
interferon-induced protein 4
interferon-inducible protein 4
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Further reading and references
- adenosine deaminase RNA specific; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Crow YJ. Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome. 2005 Jun 29 [updated 2016 Nov 22]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1475/
- Fisher AJ, Beal PA. Effects of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome mutations predicted from ADAR-RNA structures. RNA Biol. 2017 Feb;14(2):164-170. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1267097. Epub 2016 Dec 12.
- Hayashi M, Suzuki T. Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. J Dermatol. 2013 May;40(5):336-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01661.x. Epub 2012 Sep 14.
- Heraud-Farlow JE, Walkley CR. The role of RNA editing by ADAR1 in prevention of innate immune sensing of self-RNA. J Mol Med (Berl). 2016 Oct;94(10):1095-1102. doi: 10.1007/s00109-016-1416-1. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
- Liddicoat BJ, Chalk AM, Walkley CR. ADAR1, inosine and the immune sensing system: distinguishing self from non-self. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2016 Mar-Apr;7(2):157-72. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1322. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
- Pestal K, Funk CC, Snyder JM, Price ND, Treuting PM, Stetson DB. Isoforms of RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Independently Control Nucleic Acid Sensor MDA5-Driven Autoimmunity and Multi-organ Development. Immunity. 2015 Nov 17;43(5):933-44. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.001.
- Rice GI, Kasher PR, Forte GM, Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Szynkiewicz M, Dickerson JE, Bhaskar SS, Zampini M, Briggs TA, Jenkinson EM, Bacino CA, Battini R, Bertini E, Brogan PA, Brueton LA, Carpanelli M, De Laet C, de Lonlay P, del Toro M, Desguerre I, Fazzi E, Garcia-Cazorla A, Heiberg A, Kawaguchi M, Kumar R, Lin JP, Lourenco CM, Male AM, Marques W Jr, Mignot C, Olivieri I, Orcesi S, Prabhakar P, Rasmussen M, Robinson RA, Rozenberg F, Schmidt JL, Steindl K, Tan TY, van der Merwe WG, Vanderver A, Vassallo G, Wakeling EL, Wassmer E, Whittaker E, Livingston JH, Lebon P, Suzuki T, McLaughlin PJ, Keegan LP, O'Connell MA, Lovell SC, Crow YJ. Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome associated with a type I interferon signature. Nat Genet. 2012 Nov;44(11):1243-8. doi: 10.1038/ng.2414. Epub 2012 Sep 23.
- Rice GI, Kitabayashi N, Barth M, Briggs TA, Burton ACE, Carpanelli ML, Cerisola AM, Colson C, Dale RC, Danti FR, Darin N, De Azua B, De Giorgis V, De Goede CGL, Desguerre I, De Laet C, Eslahi A, Fahey MC, Fallon P, Fay A, Fazzi E, Gorman MP, Gowrinathan NR, Hully M, Kurian MA, Leboucq N, Lin JS, Lines MA, Mar SS, Maroofian R, Marti-Sanchez L, McCullagh G, Mojarrad M, Narayanan V, Orcesi S, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, Perez-Duenas B, Petit F, Ramsey KM, Rasmussen M, Rivier F, Rodriguez-Pombo P, Roubertie A, Stodberg TI, Toosi MB, Toutain A, Uettwiller F, Ulrick N, Vanderver A, Waldman A, Livingston JH, Crow YJ. Genetic, Phenotypic, and Interferon Biomarker Status in ADAR1-Related Neurological Disease. Neuropediatrics. 2017 Jun;48(3):166-184. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1601449. Epub 2017 Apr 10.
- Zipeto MA, Jiang Q, Melese E, Jamieson CH. RNA rewriting, recoding, and rewiring in human disease. Trends Mol Med. 2015 Sep;21(9):549-59. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.07.001. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
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