Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2
Last updated 28 Jul 2021
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Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 is a disorder primarily involving abnormalities in skeletal development. It is a member of a group of related conditions called otopalatodigital spectrum disorders, which also includes otopalatodigital syndrome type 1, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, Melnick-Needles syndrome, and terminal osseous dysplasia. In general, these disorders involve hearing loss caused by malformations in the tiny bones in the ears (ossicles), problems in the development of the roof of the mouth (palate), and skeletal abnormalities involving the fingers or toes (digits). Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 also tends to cause problems in other areas of the body, such as the brain and heart.
Description
Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 is a disorder primarily involving abnormalities in skeletal development. It is a member of a group of related conditions called otopalatodigital spectrum disorders, which also includes otopalatodigital syndrome type 1, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, Melnick-Needles syndrome, and terminal osseous dysplasia. In general, these disorders involve hearing loss caused by malformations in the tiny bones in the ears (ossicles), problems in the development of the roof of the mouth (palate), and skeletal abnormalities involving the fingers or toes (digits). Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 also tends to cause problems in other areas of the body, such as the brain and heart.
People with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 have characteristic facial features including wide-set and downward-slanting eyes; prominent brow ridges; a broad, flat nose; and a very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia). Affected individuals often have abnormalities of the fingers and toes, such as unusual curvature of the fingers (camptodactyly) and shortened or absent thumbs and big toes. People with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 usually have short stature, abnormally curved (bowed) bones in the arms and legs, and other abnormal or absent bones. Underdeveloped ribs can cause problems with breathing in affected individuals. Some people with this condition have an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate) or hearing loss.
In addition to skeletal abnormalities, individuals with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 may have developmental delay, increased fluid in the center of the brain (hydrocephalus), protrusion of the abdominal organs through the navel (omphalocele), heart defects, chest abnormalities, obstruction of the ducts between the kidneys and bladder (ureters), and, in males, opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis (hypospadias).
Males with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 generally have much more severe signs and symptoms compared to affected females. Males with this condition typically do not survive past infancy because of respiratory failure due to an underdeveloped rib cage.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: X-linked. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Cranioorodigital syndrome
Faciopalatoosseous syndrome
FPO
OPD syndrome, type 2
Oto-palato-digital syndrome, type II
Taybi syndrome
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Further reading and references
- Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Batra P, Ryan FS, Witherow H, Calvert ML. Distraction in a case of otopalatodigital syndrome type II. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006 Jul;16(4):286-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00714.x.
- Marino-Enriquez A, Lapunzina P, Robertson SP, Rodriguez JI. Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 in two siblings with a novel filamin A 629G>T mutation: clinical, pathological, and molecular findings. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 May 15;143A(10):1120-5. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31696.
- Moutton S, Fergelot P, Naudion S, Cordier MP, Sole G, Guerineau E, Hubert C, Rooryck C, Vuillaume ML, Houcinat N, Deforges J, Bouron J, Deves S, Le Merrer M, David A, Genevieve D, Giuliano F, Journel H, Megarbane A, Faivre L, Chassaing N, Francannet C, Sarrazin E, Stattin EL, Vigneron J, Leclair D, Abadie C, Sarda P, Baumann C, Delrue MA, Arveiler B, Lacombe D, Goizet C, Coupry I. Otopalatodigital spectrum disorders: refinement of the phenotypic and mutational spectrum. J Hum Genet. 2016 Aug;61(8):693-9. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2016.37. Epub 2016 May 19.
- Murphy-Ryan M, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Lindor N. Bifid tongue, corneal clouding, and Dandy-Walker malformation in a male infant with otopalatodigital syndrome type 2. Am J Med Genet A. 2011 Apr;155A(4):855-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33901. Epub 2011 Mar 15.
- Naudion S, Moutton S, Coupry I, Sole G, Deforges J, Guerineau E, Hubert C, Deves S, Pilliod J, Rooryck C, Abel C, Le Breton F, Collardeau-Frachon S, Cordier MP, Delezoide AL, Goldenberg A, Loget P, Melki J, Odent S, Patrier S, Verloes A, Viot G, Blesson S, Bessieres B, Lacombe D, Arveiler B, Goizet C, Fergelot P. Fetal phenotypes in otopalatodigital spectrum disorders. Clin Genet. 2016 Mar;89(3):371-7. doi: 10.1111/cge.12679. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
- Robertson S, Wade E. FLNA-Related Otopalatodigital Spectrum Disorders. 2005 Nov 30 [updated 2025 Jun 26]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1393/
- Robertson SP, Twigg SR, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Biancalana V, Gorlin RJ, Horn D, Kenwrick SJ, Kim CA, Morava E, Newbury-Ecob R, Orstavik KH, Quarrell OW, Schwartz CE, Shears DJ, Suri M, Kendrick-Jones J, Wilkie AO; OPD-spectrum Disorders Clinical Collaborative Group. Localized mutations in the gene encoding the cytoskeletal protein filamin A cause diverse malformations in humans. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):487-91. doi: 10.1038/ng1119. Epub 2003 Mar 3.
- Robertson SP. Otopalatodigital syndrome spectrum disorders: otopalatodigital syndrome types 1 and 2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia and Melnick-Needles syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Jan;15(1):3-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201654. Epub 2006 Aug 23.
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