Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II
Last updated 8 Sept 2020
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Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) is a condition that causes bone and joint malformations; distinctive facial features; intellectual disability; and abnormalities of the skin, hair, teeth, sweat glands, and nails. The name of the condition describes some of the areas of the body that are commonly affected: hair (tricho-), nose (rhino-), and fingers and toes (phalangeal).
Description
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) is a condition that causes bone and joint malformations; distinctive facial features; intellectual disability; and abnormalities of the skin, hair, teeth, sweat glands, and nails. The name of the condition describes some of the areas of the body that are commonly affected: hair (tricho-), nose (rhino-), and fingers and toes (phalangeal).
People with this condition have multiple noncancerous (benign) bone tumours called osteochondromas. Affected individuals may develop a few to several hundred osteochondromas. These bone growths typically begin in infancy to early childhood and stop forming around adolescence. Depending on the location of the osteochondromas, they can cause pain, limited range of joint movement, or damage to blood vessels or the spinal cord. Individuals with TRPS II may have reduced bone mineral density (osteopenia). Affected individuals often have slow growth before and after birth resulting in short stature. In TRPS II, the ends (epiphyses) of one or more bones in the fingers or toes are abnormally cone-shaped. Additionally, the fingernails and toenails are typically thin and abnormally formed.
Children with TRPS II often have an unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility). However, as osteochondromas begin to develop, typically starting between infancy and mid-childhood, the joints begin to stiffen, leading to decreased mobility. Individuals with TRPS II may also have a misalignment of the hip joints (hip dysplasia), which often develops in early adulthood but can occur in infancy or childhood.
The characteristic appearance of individuals with TRPS II involves thick eyebrows; a broad nose with a rounded tip; a long, smooth area between the nose and the upper lip (philtrum); a thin upper lip; and small teeth that are either decreased (oligodontia) or increased (supernumerary) in number. Almost all affected individuals have sparse scalp hair. Males are particularly affected by hair loss, with many being nearly or completely bald soon after puberty. Some children with this condition have loose skin, but the skin becomes tighter over time. Individuals with TRPS II may experience excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
Most individuals with TRPS II have mild intellectual disability.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal dominant. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Chromosome 8q24.1 deletion syndrome
Giedion-Langer syndrome
Langer-Giedion syndrome
LGS
Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type II
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome with exostosis
TRPS II
TRPS2
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Further reading and references
- Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Hilton MJ, Sawyer JM, Gutierrez L, Hogart A, Kung TC, Wells DE. Analysis of novel and recurrent mutations responsible for the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndromes. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(3):103-6. doi: 10.1007/s100380200010.
- Maas SM, Shaw AC, Bikker H, Ludecke HJ, van der Tuin K, Badura-Stronka M, Belligni E, Biamino E, Bonati MT, Carvalho DR, Cobben J, de Man SA, Den Hollander NS, Di Donato N, Garavelli L, Gronborg S, Herkert JC, Hoogeboom AJ, Jamsheer A, Latos-Bielenska A, Maat-Kievit A, Magnani C, Marcelis C, Mathijssen IB, Nielsen M, Otten E, Ousager LB, Pilch J, Plomp A, Poke G, Poluha A, Posmyk R, Rieubland C, Silengo M, Simon M, Steichen E, Stumpel C, Szakszon K, Polonkai E, van den Ende J, van der Steen A, van Essen T, van Haeringen A, van Hagen JM, Verheij JB, Mannens MM, Hennekam RC. Phenotype and genotype in 103 patients with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2015 May;58(5):279-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
- Riedl S, Giedion A, Schweitzer K, Mullner-Eidenbock A, Grill F, Frisch H, Ludecke HJ. Pronounced short stature in a girl with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome II (TRPS II, Langer-Giedion syndrome) and growth hormone deficiency. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Dec 1;131(2):200-3. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30374.
- Schinzel A, Riegel M, Baumer A, Superti-Furga A, Moreira LM, Santo LD, Schiper PP, Carvalho JH, Giedion A. Long-term follow-up of four patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome: clinical course and complications. Am J Med Genet A. 2013 Sep;161A(9):2216-25. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36062. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
- Shanske AL, Patel A, Saukam S, Levy B, Ludecke HJ. Clinical and molecular characterization of a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome and mosaic del(8)(q22.3q24.13). Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Dec 15;146A(24):3211-6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32615.
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