nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2
Last updated 17 Jul 2023
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The NOD2 gene (previously known as CARD15) provides instructions for making a protein that plays an important role in immune system function. The NOD2 protein is active in some types of immune system cells (including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells), which help protect the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. The protein is also active in several types of epithelial cells, including Paneth cells, which are found in the lining of the intestine. These cells help defend the intestinal wall against bacterial infection.
Normal function
The NOD2 gene (previously known as CARD15) provides instructions for making a protein that plays an important role in immune system function. The NOD2 protein is active in some types of immune system cells (including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells), which help protect the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. The protein is also active in several types of epithelial cells, including Paneth cells, which are found in the lining of the intestine. These cells help defend the intestinal wall against bacterial infection.
The NOD2 protein has several critical functions in defending the body against foreign invaders. The protein is involved in recognizing certain bacteria and stimulating the immune system to respond appropriately. When triggered by specific substances produced by bacteria, the NOD2 protein turns on (activates) a protein complex called nuclear factor-kappa-B. This protein complex regulates the activity of multiple genes, including genes that control immune responses and inflammatory reactions. An inflammatory reaction occurs when the immune system sends signaling molecules and white blood cells to a site of injury or disease to fight microbial invaders and facilitate tissue repair.
The NOD2 protein also appears to play a role in a process called autophagy, which cells use to surround and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. In addition to protecting cells from infection, autophagy is used to recycle worn-out cell parts and break down certain proteins when they are no longer needed. This process is also involved in the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis).
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
ACUG
BLAU
CARD15
caspase recruitment domain family, member 15
caspase recruitment domain protein 15
CD
IBD1
inflammatory bowel disease protein 1
LRR-containing protein
NOD2_HUMAN
NOD2B
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
PSORAS1
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Further reading and references
- nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Al Nabhani Z, Dietrich G, Hugot JP, Barreau F. Nod2: The intestinal gate keeper. PLoS Pathog. 2017 Mar 2;13(3):e1006177. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006177. eCollection 2017 Mar.
- Elmaagacli AH, Koldehoff M, Hindahl H, Steckel NK, Trenschel R, Peceny R, Ottinger H, Rath PM, Ross RS, Roggendorf M, Grosse-Wilde H, Beelen DW. Mutations in innate immune system NOD2/CARD 15 and TLR-4 (Thr399Ile) genes influence the risk for severe acute graft-versus-host disease in patients who underwent an allogeneic transplantation. Transplantation. 2006 Jan 27;81(2):247-54. doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000188671.94646.16.
- Holler E, Rogler G, Herfarth H, Brenmoehl J, Wild PJ, Hahn J, Eissner G, Scholmerich J, Andreesen R. Both donor and recipient NOD2/CARD15 mutations associate with transplant-related mortality and GvHD following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2004 Aug 1;104(3):889-94. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3543. Epub 2004 Apr 15.
- Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cezard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morain CA, Gassull M, Binder V, Finkel Y, Cortot A, Modigliani R, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Macry J, Colombel JF, Sahbatou M, Thomas G. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):599-603. doi: 10.1038/35079107.
- Kanazawa N, Okafuji I, Kambe N, Nishikomori R, Nakata-Hizume M, Nagai S, Fuji A, Yuasa T, Manki A, Sakurai Y, Nakajima M, Kobayashi H, Fujiwara I, Tsutsumi H, Utani A, Nishigori C, Heike T, Nakahata T, Miyachi Y. Early-onset sarcoidosis and CARD15 mutations with constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB activation: common genetic etiology with Blau syndrome. Blood. 2005 Feb 1;105(3):1195-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2972. Epub 2004 Sep 30.
- Miceli-Richard C, Lesage S, Rybojad M, Prieur AM, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Hafner R, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Thomas G, Hugot JP. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001 Sep;29(1):19-20. doi: 10.1038/ng720.
- Sidiq T, Yoshihama S, Downs I, Kobayashi KS. Nod2: A Critical Regulator of Ileal Microbiota and Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol. 2016 Sep 20;7:367. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00367. eCollection 2016.
- Strober W, Watanabe T. NOD2, an intracellular innate immune sensor involved in host defense and Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2011 Sep;4(5):484-95. doi: 10.1038/mi.2011.29. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
- Wang X, Kuivaniemi H, Bonavita G, Mutkus L, Mau U, Blau E, Inohara N, Nunez G, Tromp G, Williams CJ. CARD15 mutations in familial granulomatosis syndromes: a study of the original Blau syndrome kindred and other families with large-vessel arteritis and cranial neuropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Nov;46(11):3041-5. doi: 10.1002/art.10618.
- Yao Q, Shen M, McDonald C, Lacbawan F, Moran R, Shen B. NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease: a large cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Oct;54(10):1904-12. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev207. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
- Yao Q, Zhou L, Cusumano P, Bose N, Piliang M, Jayakar B, Su LC, Shen B. A new category of autoinflammatory disease associated with NOD2 gene mutations. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(5):R148. doi: 10.1186/ar3462. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
- Yao Q. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2: structure, function, and diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Aug;43(1):125-30. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Jan 24.
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