retinoic acid induced 1
Last updated 12 Jul 2023
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The RAI1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is active in cells throughout the body, particularly nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Located in the nucleus of the cell, the RAI1 protein helps control the activity (expression) of certain genes. Most of the genes regulated by RAI1 have not been identified. However, studies suggest that this protein controls the expression of several genes involved in daily (circadian) rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle. The RAI1 protein also appears to play a role in development of the brain and of bones in the head and face (craniofacial bones).
Normal function
The RAI1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is active in cells throughout the body, particularly nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Located in the nucleus of the cell, the RAI1 protein helps control the activity (expression) of certain genes. Most of the genes regulated by RAI1 have not been identified. However, studies suggest that this protein controls the expression of several genes involved in daily (circadian) rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle. The RAI1 protein also appears to play a role in development of the brain and of bones in the head and face (craniofacial bones).
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
KIAA1820
RAI1_HUMAN
SMCR
SMS
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Further reading and references
- retinoic acid induced 1; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Bi W, Saifi GM, Girirajan S, Shi X, Szomju B, Firth H, Magenis RE, Potocki L, Elsea SH, Lupski JR. RAI1 point mutations, CAG repeat variation, and SNP analysis in non-deletion Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Nov 15;140(22):2454-63. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31510.
- Bi W, Saifi GM, Shaw CJ, Walz K, Fonseca P, Wilson M, Potocki L, Lupski JR. Mutations of RAI1, a PHD-containing protein, in nondeletion patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Hum Genet. 2004 Nov;115(6):515-24. doi: 10.1007/s00439-004-1187-6. Epub 2004 Sep 30.
- Carmona-Mora P, Encina CA, Canales CP, Cao L, Molina J, Kairath P, Young JI, Walz K. Functional and cellular characterization of human Retinoic Acid Induced 1 (RAI1) mutations associated with Smith-Magenis Syndrome. BMC Mol Biol. 2010 Aug 25;11:63. doi: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-63.
- Falco M, Amabile S, Acquaviva F. RAI1 gene mutations: mechanisms of Smith-Magenis syndrome. Appl Clin Genet. 2017 Nov 3;10:85-94. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S128455. eCollection 2017.
- Fragoso YD, Stoney PN, Shearer KD, Sementilli A, Nanescu SE, Sementilli P, McCaffery P. Expression in the human brain of retinoic acid induced 1, a protein associated with neurobehavioural disorders. Brain Struct Funct. 2015 Mar;220(2):1195-203. doi: 10.1007/s00429-014-0712-1. Epub 2014 Feb 12.
- Girirajan S, Elsas LJ 2nd, Devriendt K, Elsea SH. RAI1 variations in Smith-Magenis syndrome patients without 17p11.2 deletions. J Med Genet. 2005 Nov;42(11):820-8. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031211. Epub 2005 Mar 23.
- Girirajan S, Vlangos CN, Szomju BB, Edelman E, Trevors CD, Dupuis L, Nezarati M, Bunyan DJ, Elsea SH. Genotype-phenotype correlation in Smith-Magenis syndrome: evidence that multiple genes in 17p11.2 contribute to the clinical spectrum. Genet Med. 2006 Jul;8(7):417-27. doi: 10.1097/01.gim.0000228215.32110.89.
- Huang WH, Guenthner CJ, Xu J, Nguyen T, Schwarz LA, Wilkinson AW, Gozani O, Chang HY, Shamloo M, Luo L. Molecular and Neural Functions of Rai1, the Causal Gene for Smith-Magenis Syndrome. Neuron. 2016 Oct 19;92(2):392-406. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.019. Epub 2016 Sep 29.
- Mullegama SV, Alaimo JT, Fountain MD, Burns B, Balog AH, Chen L, Elsea SH. RAI1 Overexpression Promotes Altered Circadian Gene Expression and Dyssomnia in Potocki-Lupski Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet. 2017 Sep;6(3):155-164. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1599147. Epub 2017 Mar 7.
- Potocki L, Bi W, Treadwell-Deering D, Carvalho CM, Eifert A, Friedman EM, Glaze D, Krull K, Lee JA, Lewis RA, Mendoza-Londono R, Robbins-Furman P, Shaw C, Shi X, Weissenberger G, Withers M, Yatsenko SA, Zackai EH, Stankiewicz P, Lupski JR. Characterization of Potocki-Lupski syndrome (dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)) and delineation of a dosage-sensitive critical interval that can convey an autism phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Apr;80(4):633-49. doi: 10.1086/512864. Epub 2007 Feb 26.
- Potocki L, Chen KS, Park SS, Osterholm DE, Withers MA, Kimonis V, Summers AM, Meschino WS, Anyane-Yeboa K, Kashork CD, Shaffer LG, Lupski JR. Molecular mechanism for duplication 17p11.2- the homologous recombination reciprocal of the Smith-Magenis microdeletion. Nat Genet. 2000 Jan;24(1):84-7. doi: 10.1038/71743.
- Potocki L, Neira-Fresneda J, Yuan B. Potocki-Lupski Syndrome. 2017 Aug 24. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK447920/
- Slager RE, Newton TL, Vlangos CN, Finucane B, Elsea SH. Mutations in RAI1 associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):466-8. doi: 10.1038/ng1126. Epub 2003 Mar 24.
- Smith ACM, Berens J, Boyd KE, Brennan C, Gropman A, Haas-Givler B, Vlangos C, Foster R, Franciskovich R, Girirajan S, Raitano Lee N, Taylor C, Turnacioglu SO, Elsea SH. Smith-Magenis Syndrome. 2001 Oct 22 [updated 2026 Apr 2]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1310/
- Williams SR, Zies D, Mullegama SV, Grotewiel MS, Elsea SH. Smith-Magenis syndrome results in disruption of CLOCK gene transcription and reveals an integral role for RAI1 in the maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Jun 8;90(6):941-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.013. Epub 2012 May 10.
- Yuan B, Harel T, Gu S, Liu P, Burglen L, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Gelowani V, Beck CR, Carvalho CM, Cheung SW, Coe A, Malan V, Munnich A, Magoulas PL, Potocki L, Lupski JR. Nonrecurrent 17p11.2p12 Rearrangement Events that Result in Two Concomitant Genomic Disorders: The PMP22-RAI1 Contiguous Gene Duplication Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2015 Nov 5;97(5):691-707. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.10.003.
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