Renpenning syndrome
Last updated 18 Aug 2020
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Renpenning syndrome is a disorder that almost exclusively affects males, causing developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, and distinctive physical features. Individuals with Renpenning syndrome typically have short stature and a small head size (microcephaly). Facial features characteristic of this disorder include a long, narrow face; outside corners of the eyes that point upward (upslanting palpebral fissures); a long, bulbous nose with a low-hanging separation between the nostrils (overhanging columella); a shortened space between the nose and mouth (philtrum); and cup-shaped ears. Males with Renpenning syndrome generally have small testes. Seizures and wasting away (atrophy) of muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) may also occur in this disorder.
Description
Renpenning syndrome is a disorder that almost exclusively affects males, causing developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, and distinctive physical features. Individuals with Renpenning syndrome typically have short stature and a small head size (microcephaly). Facial features characteristic of this disorder include a long, narrow face; outside corners of the eyes that point upward (upslanting palpebral fissures); a long, bulbous nose with a low-hanging separation between the nostrils (overhanging columella); a shortened space between the nose and mouth (philtrum); and cup-shaped ears. Males with Renpenning syndrome generally have small testes. Seizures and wasting away (atrophy) of muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) may also occur in this disorder.
About 20 percent of individuals with Renpenning syndrome also have other features, which may include a gap or split in structures that make up the eye (coloboma), an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), heart abnormalities, or malformations of the anus.
Certain combinations of the features that often occur in Renpenning syndrome are sometimes called by other names, such as Golabi-Ito-Hall syndrome or Sutherland-Haan syndrome. However, all these syndromes, which have the same genetic cause, are now generally grouped under the term Renpenning syndrome.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: X-linked recessive. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
Golabi-Ito-Hall syndrome
Hamel cerebropalatocardiac syndrome
Porteous syndrome
Sutherland-Haan syndrome
X-linked intellectual deficit due to PQBP1 mutations
X-linked intellectual deficit, Renpenning type
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Further reading and references
- Renpenning syndrome; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Cossee M, Demeer B, Blanchet P, Echenne B, Singh D, Hagens O, Antin M, Finck S, Vallee L, Dollfus H, Hegde S, Springell K, Thelma BK, Woods G, Kalscheuer V, Mandel JL. Exonic microdeletions in the X-linked PQBP1 gene in mentally retarded patients: a pathogenic mutation and in-frame deletions of uncertain effect. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006 Apr;14(4):418-25. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201593.
- Flynn M, Zou YS, Milunsky A. Whole gene duplication of the PQBP1 gene in syndrome resembling Renpenning. Am J Med Genet A. 2011 Jan;155A(1):141-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33756. Epub 2010 Dec 9.
- Germanaud D, Rossi M, Bussy G, Gerard D, Hertz-Pannier L, Blanchet P, Dollfus H, Giuliano F, Bennouna-Greene V, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Curie A, Vincent MC, Touraine R, des Portes V. The Renpenning syndrome spectrum: new clinical insights supported by 13 new PQBP1-mutated males. Clin Genet. 2011 Mar;79(3):225-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01551.x. Epub 2010 Oct 18.
- Kleefstra T, Franken CE, Arens YH, Ramakers GJ, Yntema HG, Sistermans EA, Hulsmans CF, Nillesen WN, van Bokhoven H, de Vries BB, Hamel BC. Genotype-phenotype studies in three families with mutations in the polyglutamine-binding protein 1 gene (PQBP1). Clin Genet. 2004 Oct;66(4):318-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00308.x.
- Kunde SA, Musante L, Grimme A, Fischer U, Muller E, Wanker EE, Kalscheuer VM. The X-chromosome-linked intellectual disability protein PQBP1 is a component of neuronal RNA granules and regulates the appearance of stress granules. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 15;20(24):4916-31. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr430. Epub 2011 Sep 20.
- Lenski C, Abidi F, Meindl A, Gibson A, Platzer M, Frank Kooy R, Lubs HA, Stevenson RE, Ramser J, Schwartz CE. Novel truncating mutations in the polyglutamine tract binding protein 1 gene (PQBP1) cause Renpenning syndrome and X-linked mental retardation in another family with microcephaly. Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Apr;74(4):777-80. doi: 10.1086/383205. No abstract available.
- Lubs H, Abidi FE, Echeverri R, Holloway L, Meindl A, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE. Golabi-Ito-Hall syndrome results from a missense mutation in the WW domain of the PQBP1 gene. J Med Genet. 2006 Jun;43(6):e30. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.037556.
- Martinez-Garay I, Tomas M, Oltra S, Ramser J, Molto MD, Prieto F, Meindl A, Kutsche K, Martinez F. A two base pair deletion in the PQBP1 gene is associated with microphthalmia, microcephaly, and mental retardation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Jan;15(1):29-34. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201717. Epub 2006 Oct 11.
- Musante L, Kunde SA, Sulistio TO, Fischer U, Grimme A, Frints SG, Schwartz CE, Martinez F, Romano C, Ropers HH, Kalscheuer VM. Common pathological mutations in PQBP1 induce nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and enhance exclusion of the mutant exon. Hum Mutat. 2010 Jan;31(1):90-8. doi: 10.1002/humu.21146.
- Stevenson RE, Bennett CW, Abidi F, Kleefstra T, Porteous M, Simensen RJ, Lubs HA, Hamel BC, Schwartz CE. Renpenning syndrome comes into focus. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 May 1;134(4):415-21. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30664.
- Tapia VE, Nicolaescu E, McDonald CB, Musi V, Oka T, Inayoshi Y, Satteson AC, Mazack V, Humbert J, Gaffney CJ, Beullens M, Schwartz CE, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Pastore A, Farooq A, Bollen M, Sudol M. Y65C missense mutation in the WW domain of the Golabi-Ito-Hall syndrome protein PQBP1 affects its binding activity and deregulates pre-mRNA splicing. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 18;285(25):19391-401. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.084525. Epub 2010 Apr 21.
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