Pol III-related leukodystrophy
Last updated 28 Feb 2023
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Pol III-related leukodystrophy is a disorder that affects the nervous system and other parts of the body. Leukodystrophies are conditions that involve abnormalities of the nervous system's white matter, which consists of nerve cells (neurons) covered by a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
Description
Pol III-related leukodystrophy is a disorder that affects the nervous system and other parts of the body. Leukodystrophies are conditions that involve abnormalities of the nervous system's white matter, which consists of nerve cells (neurons) covered by a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
Pol III-related leukodystrophy is a hypomyelinating disease, which means that the nervous system of affected individuals has a reduced ability to form myelin. Hypomyelination underlies most of the neurological problems associated with Pol III-related leukodystrophy. A small number of people with this disorder also have a loss of nerve cells in a part of the brain involved in coordinating movements (cerebellar atrophy) and underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of tissue that connects the left and right halves of the brain (the corpus callosum). These brain abnormalities likely contribute to the neurological problems in affected individuals.
People with Pol III-related leukodystrophy usually have intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe, which gradually worsens over time. Some affected individuals have normal intelligence in early childhood but develop mild intellectual disability during the course of the disease.
Difficulty coordinating movements (ataxia), which begins in childhood and slowly worsens over time, is a characteristic feature of Pol III-related leukodystrophy. Affected children typically have delayed development of motor skills such as walking. Their gait is unstable, and they usually walk with their feet wide apart for balance. Affected individuals may eventually need to use a walker or wheelchair. Involuntary rhythmic shaking (tremor) of the arms and hands may occur in this disorder. In some cases the tremor occurs mainly during movement (intention tremor); other affected individuals experience the tremor both during movement and at rest.
Development of the teeth (dentition) is often abnormal in Pol III-related leukodystrophy, resulting in the absence of some teeth (known as hypodontia or oligodontia). Some affected infants are born with a few teeth (natal teeth), which fall out during the first weeks of life. The primary (deciduous) teeth appear later than usual, beginning at about age 2. In Pol III-related leukodystrophy, the teeth may not appear in the usual sequence, in which front teeth (incisors) appear before back teeth (molars). Instead, molars often appear first, with incisors appearing later or not at all. Permanent teeth are also delayed, and may not appear until adolescence. The teeth may also be unusually shaped.
Some individuals with Pol III-related leukodystrophy have excessive salivation and difficulty chewing or swallowing (dysphagia), which can lead to choking. They may also have speech impairment (dysarthria). People with Pol III-related leukodystrophy often have abnormalities in eye movement, such as progressive vertical gaze palsy, which is restricted up-and-down eye movement that worsens over time. Nearsightedness is common in affected individuals, and clouding of the lens of the eyes (cataracts) has also been reported. Deterioration (atrophy) of the nerves that carry information from the eyes to the brain (the optic nerves) and seizures may also occur in this disorder.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which is a condition caused by reduced production of hormones that direct sexual development, may occur in Pol III-related leukodystrophy. Affected individuals have delayed development of the typical signs of puberty, such as the growth of body hair.
People with Pol III-related leukodystrophy may have different combinations of its signs and symptoms. These varied combinations of clinical features were originally described as separate disorders. Affected individuals may be diagnosed with ataxia, delayed dentition, and hypomyelination (ADDH); hypomyelination, hypodontia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (4H syndrome); tremor-ataxia with central hypomyelination (TACH); leukodystrophy with oligodontia (LO); or hypomyelination with cerebellar atrophy and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum (HCAHC). Because these disorders were later found to have the same genetic cause, researchers now group them as variations of the single condition Pol III-related leukodystrophy.
Inheritance patterns
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: Autosomal recessive. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Other names
4H syndrome
ADDH
Ataxia, delayed dentition, and hypomyelination
Dentoleukoencephalopathy
HCAHC
HLD7
HLD8
Hypomyelination with cerebellar atrophy and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
Hypomyelination, hypodontia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Leukodystrophy with oligodontia
Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 7, with or without oligodontia and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 8, with or without oligodontia and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Leukoencephalopathy-ataxia-hypodontia-hypomyelination
LO
Odontoleukodystrophy
Pol III disorder
Pol III-related hypomyelinating leukodystrophies
Ribonucleic acid polymerase III-related leukodystrophy
TACH
Tremor-ataxia with central hypomyelination
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Further reading and references
- Pol III-related leukodystrophy; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Bernard G, Chouery E, Putorti ML, Tetreault M, Takanohashi A, Carosso G, Clement I, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Rodriguez D, Delague V, Abou Ghoch J, Jalkh N, Dorboz I, Fribourg S, Teichmann M, Megarbane A, Schiffmann R, Vanderver A, Brais B. Mutations of POLR3A encoding a catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase Pol III cause a recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Sep 9;89(3):415-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.014.
- Cayami FK, La Piana R, van Spaendonk RM, Nickel M, Bley A, Guerrero K, Tran LT, van der Knaap MS, Bernard G, Wolf NI. POLR3A and POLR3B Mutations in Unclassified Hypomyelination. Neuropediatrics. 2015 Jun;46(3):221-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1550148. Epub 2015 May 8.
- Daoud H, Tetreault M, Gibson W, Guerrero K, Cohen A, Gburek-Augustat J, Synofzik M, Brais B, Stevens CA, Sanchez-Carpintero R, Goizet C, Naidu S, Vanderver A, Bernard G. Mutations in POLR3A and POLR3B are a major cause of hypomyelinating leukodystrophies with or without dental abnormalities and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Med Genet. 2013 Mar;50(3):194-7. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101357. Epub 2013 Jan 25.
- Potic A, Brais B, Choquet K, Schiffmann R, Bernard G. 4H syndrome with late-onset growth hormone deficiency caused by POLR3A mutations. Arch Neurol. 2012 Jul;69(7):920-3. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1963.
- Sato I, Onuma A, Goto N, Sakai F, Fujiwara I, Uematsu M, Osaka H, Okahashi S, Nonaka I, Tanaka S, Haginoya K. A case with central and peripheral hypomyelination with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypodontia (4H syndrome) plus cataract. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Jan 15;300(1-2):179-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.09.009. Epub 2010 Sep 29.
- Terao Y, Saitsu H, Segawa M, Kondo Y, Sakamoto K, Matsumoto N, Tsuji S, Nomura Y. Diffuse central hypomyelination presenting as 4H syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in POLR3A encoding the catalytic subunit of polymerase III. J Neurol Sci. 2012 Sep 15;320(1-2):102-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.005. Epub 2012 Jul 21.
- Tetreault M, Choquet K, Orcesi S, Tonduti D, Balottin U, Teichmann M, Fribourg S, Schiffmann R, Brais B, Vanderver A, Bernard G. Recessive mutations in POLR3B, encoding the second largest subunit of Pol III, cause a rare hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Nov 11;89(5):652-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.10.006. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
- Vanderver A, Tonduti D, Bernard G, Lai J, Rossi C, Carosso G, Quezado M, Wong K, Schiffmann R. More than hypomyelination in Pol-III disorder. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013 Jan;72(1):67-75. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31827c99d2.
- Wolf NI, Vanderver A, van Spaendonk RM, Schiffmann R, Brais B, Bugiani M, Sistermans E, Catsman-Berrevoets C, Kros JM, Pinto PS, Pohl D, Tirupathi S, Stromme P, de Grauw T, Fribourg S, Demos M, Pizzino A, Naidu S, Guerrero K, van der Knaap MS, Bernard G; 4H Research Group. Clinical spectrum of 4H leukodystrophy caused by POLR3A and POLR3B mutations. Neurology. 2014 Nov 18;83(21):1898-905. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001002. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
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