Freiberg's disease

Synonyms: Freiberg's infraction

What is Freiberg's disease?

This is a rare disease characterised by osteonecrosis of the second metatarsal head, most commonly seen in teenage girls.¹ Although the second metatarsal is most often affected, the third metatarsal may also be involved; involvement of the fourth or fifth is rare. It was first described in 1914 by Alfred H. Freiberg.

How common is Freiberg's disease? (Epidemiology)

It is difficult to ascertain the true incidence of Freiberg's disease, as many cases may resolve spontaneously before treatment has been sought. Most series in the literature have small numbers.

It occurs during the growth spurt at puberty. Most commonly it is found in young females (teenaged or second decade) with a male:female ratio of 1:3.² It is also more common in patients whose first metatarsal is shorter than the second metatarsal, which increases the weight on the second metatarsal head.

Freiberg's disease causes (aetiology)

The initial injury, as described by Freiberg, was thought to be repetitive stress with microfractures at the junction of the metaphysis and the growth plate. The fractures deprive the epiphysis of adequate circulation, and there is avascular necrosis (AVN) of the metatarsal head.

The condition is now considered multifactorial and is associated with the effects of multiple genes, lifestyles, and environmental factors. However, most current theories show the triggering event is predominantly traumatic (injury-related) or of a vascular insufficiency-related nature, particularly AVN.³

It is thought to belong to a group of related diseases involving growth disturbances of the epiphysis or apophysis, collectively termed the osteochondroses.

Other osteochondroses include:

• Köhler's bone disease - tarsal navicular bone.

• Panner's disease - capitulum.⁴

• Blount's disease - proximal tibia.

• Sever's disease - calcaneus.⁵

• Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome - patella.

Symptoms of Freiberg's disease (presentation)¹

• Pain in the forefoot, usually localised to the head of the second metatarsal.

• Usually this is associated with weight-bearing or physical activity.⁶

• Wearing high-heeled shoes makes it worse.

• There may also be localised swelling and stiffness in the metatarsophalangeal joint.

• A limp may be visible.

A small effusion may be palpable and a callus may be seen underneath the affected metatarsal head.

Diagnosing Freiberg's disease (investigations)⁷

Plain X-ray appearance

On X-ray (see 'Classification', below), the second metatarsal head has a flattened appearance with areas of increased sclerosis and fragmentation.

Bone scans

Bone scanning may demonstrate a centre of reduced activity with a hyperactive collar.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

MRI may reveal hypo-intensity of the metatarsal head.⁸

Differential diagnosis¹

• Synovitis.

• Stress fracture.

• Osteosarcoma.

• Morton's neuroma.

Classification of Freiberg's disease⁹

• Stage I - the earliest sign is fissuring of the epiphysis. X-ray changes at this stage may be so subtle that they are missed with routine pictures.

• Stage II - later, central depression of the articular surface becomes evident as subchondral cancellous bone is resorbed. The articular cartilage hinges on an intact plantar bridge.

• Stage III - the central depression is seen to be resulting in medial and lateral projections at the margins. The plantar hinge remains intact at its plantar isthmus.

• Stage IV - this stage demonstrates that the central portion has sunk below the surface and is free of the plantar hinge, thus becoming a loose body. Fractures of the medial and lateral projections are present, with folding of the projections over the central loose body.

• Stage V - the final stage shows marked flattening and deformity of the metatarsal head with secondary degenerative changes. The central loose body may have been resorbed at this stage. The shaft of the metatarsal becomes thickened and dense.

Management of Freiberg's disease

Although originally described 100 years ago, Freiberg's disease remains controversial as to the most appropriate treatment. Most would advocate an initial period of conservative measures.¹⁰

General measures

Conservative measures to relieve pressure on the affected metatarsal head are the first-line treatments.

• Supportive footwear with a metatarsal bar or pad placed beneath the involved bone.⁷

• Reduce weight-bearing activities for four to six weeks.

• If symptoms are severe, consider immobilising the foot in a short leg walking cast until the symptoms subside - usually within 3-4 weeks.

Surgical

The most usual indication is failure of conservative treatment.

Currently available surgical procedures include debridement, osteotomy, osteochondral grafting, microfracture, interposition arthroplasty, implant arthroplasty, and metatarsal shortening arthroplasty.¹¹ Operative treatments are divided into joint-preserving and joint-reconstructing procedures.

All surgical techniques carry a risk of a stiff or floating toe and transfer metatarsalgia.¹²

Prognosis