Mollaret's Meningitis

Last updated by Peer reviewed by Prof Cathy Jackson, MRCGP
Last updated Meets Patient’s editorial guidelines

Added to Saved items
This page has been archived. It has not been updated since 20/06/2014. External links and references may no longer work.
This article is for Medical Professionals

Professional Reference articles are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. You may find one of our health articles more useful.

Read COVID-19 guidance from NICE

Treatment of almost all medical conditions has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. NICE has issued rapid update guidelines in relation to many of these. This guidance is changing frequently. Please visit https://www.nice.org.uk/covid-19 to see if there is temporary guidance issued by NICE in relation to the management of this condition, which may vary from the information given below.

This is a form of benign, recurrent, aseptic meningitis. It was first described by Pierre Mollaret (1898-1987) in 1944[1].

G W Bruyn refined the clinical diagnostic criteria in 1962[2]:

  • Recurrent episodes of severe headache, meningismus and fever.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis with large 'endothelial' cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes.
  • Attacks separated by symptom-free periods of weeks to months.
  • Spontaneous remission of symptoms and signs.
  • No causative aetiological agent identified.

In recent years there has been increasing evidence to implicate the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) in many cases[3].

It has been suggested that if the strict criteria above are followed, these cases should be excluded, and the term Mollaret's meningitis reserved for true idiopathic cases. However, this appears not to be rigorously applied.

It is very rare and the literature is very limited.

  • There is a rapid onset of symptoms that are typical of meningitis - eg, fever, headache and neck stiffness.
  • The symptoms last between one and seven days.
  • Symptoms resolve without any residual defect.
  • Symptom-free periods may last from weeks to years, but the characteristic feature of this disease is the tendency to recur.
  • The clinical picture can be variable:
    • Some have been reported without fever, with transient neurological signs and symptoms, and with raised gammaglobulin in the CSF.
    • More severe cases can occur with neurological abnormalities, including seizures, diplopia, abnormal reflexes, cranial nerve palsy, hallucinations and coma.
    • This may occur in as many as half of all patients, but full recovery is usual

Head CT or MRI scanning is done before lumbar puncture if a brain mass is suspected - eg, from focal neurological signs or papilloedema.

  • The classical feature is the appearance of 'fantomes cellulaires' (cell ghosts) in the CSF[4]:
  • After the first 24 hours the cells are predominantly lymphocytes, numbering fewer than 3,000 mm3.
  • In about a third of cases the CSF glucose is low.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the CSF to determine any underlying viral cause[1].
  • Other causes of meningitis should be excluded.

Other acute aseptic meningitis:

  • Pain and temperature should be treated in the usual way.
  • Intravenous fluid may be required.
  • Colchicine and indometacin have been used and clinical observation suggests effectiveness[5].
  • Randomised controlled trials on the the use of antiviral agents are lacking. (This is probably because the disease is so rare that it is impossible to get even a small series.)
  • Aciclovir if HSV is shown on PCR testing[1].
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare but very serious condition with a mortality around 70% that usually leaves survivors with neurological deficits.
  • This is in contrast to Mollaret's meningitis, which may be recurrent and unpleasant in the acute attack but does not leave residual damage.

Are you protected against flu?

See if you are eligible for a free NHS flu jab today.

Check now

Further reading and references

  1. Poulikakos PJ, Sergi EE, Margaritis AS, et al; A case of recurrent benign lymphocytic (Mollaret's) meningitis and review of the literature. J Infect Public Health. 2010 Dec3(4):192-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2010.09.006. Epub 2010 Nov 9.

  2. Bruyn GW, Straathof LJ, Raymakers GM; Mollaret's meningitis. Differential diagnosis and diagnostic pitfalls. Neurology. 1962 Nov12:745-53.

  3. Farazmand P, Woolley PD, Kinghorn GR; Mollaret's meningitis and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections. Int J STD AIDS. 2011 Jun22(6):306-7. doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010405.

  4. Pearce JM; Mollaret's meningitis. Eur Neurol. 200860(6):316-7. doi: 10.1159/000159930. Epub 2008 Oct 3.

  5. Wynants H, Taelman H, Martin JJ, et al; Recurring aseptic meningitis after travel to the tropics: a case of Mollaret's meningitis? Case report with review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2000 Jun102(2):113-5.

newnav-downnewnav-up