10 sources of plant-based protein for bone health

Embracing a plant-based diet can be good for your overall health. However, it may be that this diet lacks some nutrients important for bone health¹.

Some of the key nutrients for bone health include:

• Calcium - crucial for bone mineralisation (hardens bones).

• Vitamin D - helps your body absorb calcium.

• Omega-3 fatty acids - regulate bone cell activity.

• Protein - contains amino acids for building bone strength.

A lack of the above nutrients, along with other lifestyle factors, may lead to weaker bones that are more susceptible to fractures.

How important is protein for bone health?

Protein - made mostly from collagen - makes up about half the space inside your bones, while minerals such as calcium make up the rest. Getting enough protein in your diet is important for building and maintaining bone strength - especially as you age.

The British Heart Foundation recommends most adults eat 0.75 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. This equals around 45 grams per day for a 60kg woman and 55 grams for a 73kg man.

Sarah Schlichter, Registered Dietitian and Nutrition Consultant, Bucket List Tummy says: "A well-balanced diet that includes sufficient energy (calories) and protein intake - as well as adequate physical activity and strength training - are crucial to improve bone health, especially in later life."

What are the best plant-based protein sources for bone health?

Though plant-based foods can be great for your health, their protein content may be lower in essential amino acids than animal proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks that help your body create proteins.

Ana Reisdorf, a registered dietitian from Franklin, Tennessee says: "Protein stimulates the production of a hormone called Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), which increases bone formation, signalling to your body to create new bone cells and improve calcium absorption. Plant-based proteins can be as good for bone health as animal-based protein if you eat a variety of them throughout the day."

Seitan

Seitan is a meat alternative made from wheat gluten, which gives it a chewy texture. It's low in fat, low in carbohydrates, and a good source of selenium and plant-based protein.

Tofu

Tofu is made from soybeans and comes in solid white blocks. It is sold in a variety of textures - ranging from soft to firm.

Elizabeth Ward, registered dietitian and author says: "Soy is one of the only plants that provides complete protein. It has all the essential amino acids your body needs - the same as animal protein. Calcium set tofu is particularly rich in calcium and soy isoflavones, and may benefit bone health. Its fibre content can also help reduce inflammation."

Lentils

Lentils are budget-friendly and packed with healthy nutrients and are high in fibre and protein.

Black beans

Black beans are an excellent protein source, similar to animal products such as meat, eggs, and milk.

Quinoa

Quinoa contains all nine essential amino acids and its protein content is similar to cow's milk.

Soy Milk

Soy milk - like tofu - is made from soybeans and is a plant-based alternative to cow's milk. It's low in calories and fat, and a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals.

Oats

Oats are a good source of fibre - particularly beta-glucan. They also contain other healthy compounds that are good for your gut and immune system.

Wild Rice

Full of essential nutrients and low in fat, wild rice offers a rich source of minerals, vitamins, protein, fibre, and antioxidants.

Almonds

Almonds are great sources of vitamins, protein, dietary fibre and minerals.

Vegetables

Although all fruits and vegetables contain protein, some have more than others. The following common vegetables have rich sources of protein, each containing 3 grams per 100 grams. This makes up 5% of daily protein allowance for men, and 7% for women.

• Broccoli¹¹

• Artichokes¹²

• Brussels sprouts¹³

• Sweetcorn¹⁴

Are plant-based processed foods good for you?

Although there are many healthy processed plant-based options available, you should always read the nutrition label before adding them to your diet.

Mohr says that some meat-free fortified foods are designed to be high in protein and can be healthy additions to your diet. However, he warns that many plant-based processed foods can vary in protein content. Some meat substitutes - especially mock meat products like veggie burgers - can be convenient, but aren't necessarily the healthiest choice.

Ward adds: "Any processed food may be higher in added fat, added sugar and sodium, and lower in other nutrients good for bone health - such as potassium and magnesium - than less processed foods. For example, a baked potato has no fat, added sugar, or added sodium and has many more times the potassium and magnesium of French fries, which also have additional fat and sodium."

Eating plenty of plant-based protein-rich sources can help strengthen bones on a vegan diet, reducing your chance of bone loss and fractures. By including a mix of plant-based proteins throughout the day, you can easily meet your protein needs without worrying about pairing specific foods at every meal.

Further reading

1. Zheng et al: The Hidden Dangers of Plant-Based Diets Affecting Bone Health: A Cross-Sectional Study with U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data from 2005–2018

2. FoodData Central: Seitan

3. FoodData Central: Tofu

4. FoodData Central: Lentils

5. FoodData Central: Black Beans

6. FoodData Central: Quinoa

7. FoodData Central: Soy Milk

8. FoodData Central: Oats

9. FoodData Central: Wild Rice

10. FoodData Central: Almonds

11. FoodData Central: Broccoli

12. FoodData Central: Artichokes

13. FoodData Central: Sprouts

14. FoodData Central: Sweetcorn