Should you be worried about the Indian COVID-19 variant?

Viruses are somewhat of a moving target. Over time, all viruses will mutate, with SARS-CoV-2 (the coronavirus which causes COVID-19) being no exception.

Since the start of the pandemic, new variants have been a worry, especially for those developing vaccines. Scientists couldn't be sure if new variants would evade any protection a vaccine may offer, or if they would cause COVID-19 to spread more quickly, make more people seriously ill or make it harder to treat.

A number of 'variants of concern' have emerged over the past few months including the Kent variant which became the most common across the UK, and the South African and Brazilian variants.

Now, a number of variants originating in India have reached the UK including B.1.617.2, a variant of concern which seems to be spreading quickly. There have been over 3,400 cases detected so far, an increase of 160% last week.

Currently cases are concentrated around the North West of England - Bolton in particular - and London, but clusters of the variant have been seen across the country.

How did the variant get to the UK?

India is facing an enormous surge in cases of COVID-19. To date there have been more than 26 million cases across India and 300,000 recorded deaths, though both the real case numbers and the true death toll is likely to be far higher. Only 3% of the Indian population are fully vaccinated and hospitals have been overwhelmed, unable to treat every patient.

Outside of India, the UK is the country with the highest number of cases of variant B.1.617.2. In some areas of the country all known cases have been found in returning travellers. However, since arriving in the UK it has spread to people who have not returned from India and in the North West only 7.5% of cases are among returning travellers.

Is this variant more dangerous?

So far, this new variant appears to be more infectious than the variant originating in Kent which was responsible for the second wave of COVID-19 infections seen this winter. Scientists estimate that the Indian variant could be up to 50% more infectious than the Kent variant and spreads more easily between people.

Other factors associated with the spread of the new variant also need to be taken into account when calculating how quickly it's spreading in the UK, including how much of the spread is a result of human behaviour and how much is the virus. Lockdown restrictions have recently been eased and people are taking more risks like seeing more people, spending time indoors and having close contact.

Currently there's no evidence that the new variant is more likely than other variants to cause serious illness or death.

Do vaccines work against this variant?

Currently the COVID-19 vaccination appears to be effective against all new variants, including B.1.617.2. A Public Health England study found that two doses of either the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines offer a similar level of protection against the Indian variant as against the Kent variant. However, having just a single dose of the vaccine only offers 33% protection against the Indian variant three weeks after having it compared to 51% protection for the Kent variant.

The vaccine doesn't offer 100% protection - no vaccine does - but it significantly reduces your risk of serious illness, hospitalisation and death if you do catch the virus. If you're eligible you can book a vaccine appointment online using the NHS booking service. You need two doses for maximum protection.

The NHS has confirmed that it will be bringing forward second doses of the vaccine for over-50s and those in clinically vulnerable groups. Previously you had to wait 12 weeks between jabs but this has been reduced to eight weeks in an effort to prevent those most at risk from becoming seriously ill.

In the most affected areas, residents are being encouraged to take up their COVID-19 vaccine, particularly if they are in a vulnerable group and eligible for their second vaccine. Vaccines are now available to anyone over the age of 32 in England, as well as anyone in a high-risk group.

Nearly 40 million UK adults have received their first vaccine and over 22 million have received their second vaccine.

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With lockdowns a thing of the past, COVID-19 may not be at the forefront of everyone's minds - but it is continuing to spread. And as long as it does so, mutations of the virus, often referred to as different variants, will continue to emerge. Here we look at what we know about the two new strains, Eris and Pirola.

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Long COVID

Most people with COVID-19 infection (SARS CoV-2 infection) feel better within a few days or weeks and recover completely within 12 weeks of the infection. However, some people have ongoing symptoms that remain for weeks, months, or longer, which is usually called "long COVID". For some, these long-term effects of COVID-19 can be debilitating. These effects can be very different from person to person, and it seems likely that there are different 'types' of long COVID, or different syndromes, which might behave in different ways.

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Will this delay the next stage in the roadmap out of lockdown?

We don't know yet if this emerging variant will delay further reopening on 21st June. Before going ahead with easing restrictions, the government and its scientific advisers will look at the data to assess whether it is safe to reopen. As a result, it's worth keeping an eye on the latest government COVID-19 guidance before committing to plans far in advance this summer.

Stopping the spread

Though this new variant is something to be aware of, the number of cases of the variant are still fairly low and at the moment fewer people are becoming seriously ill or dying from COVID-19, in large part thanks to the vaccination programme.