Are e-cigarettes safe?

What are e-cigarettes?

E-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) are devices designed to create the sensation of smoking and usually provide a dose of nicotine, without involving the use of tobacco.

Nicotine:

• Is inhaled from tobacco.

• Gets into the bloodstream and stimulates the brain.

• Most regular smokers are addicted to nicotine.

• Most smokers smoke regularly to feel 'normal' and to prevent withdrawal symptoms - this is where e-cigarettes come in. Read more about withdrawal symptoms of nicotine.

E-cigarettes:

• Are battery-powered devices designed to look and feel like cigarettes.

• They come in various shapes or sizes but basically consist of a reservoir for a liquid that is heated up to form a vapour. Some are disposable whilst others are refillable.

• The liquid usually contains nicotine, flavourings and other chemicals.

• The liquid comes in all kinds of flavours.

• They are considered a safer option to smoking tobacco cigarettes for people addicted to nicotine.

E-cigarettes are also known as 'e-cigs' and 'cigalikes'. They were invented in China in 2003 and have become increasingly popular all over the world. They have a container which acts as a reservoir and is filled with liquid. There is a tiny battery at the bottom. The battery powers a coil which heats up a liquid that produces a vapour. The idea is to suck on the mouthpiece of the device to inhale the vapour. This is then breathed out (exhaled) in what is supposed to look like smoke (although in reality it resembles a cloud of steam). Smoking an e-cigarette is often referred to as 'vaping'.

In addition to those that resemble cigarettes (e-cigalikes) there is an increasing variety of types, including tanks, boxes and atomisers. The main difference is that some (mainly the cigalikes) are disposable whilst others are refillable. More recently, variable-voltage batteries have come on the market which can control the concentration of the vapour.

Liquid refills can be bought separately and come in every conceivable flavour from aniseed to rhubarb and custard. Some people buy non-nicotine liquids, presumably because they just like the taste.

You may also see the term 'dripping' which basically means removing the heating coil from a device and dripping the refill liquid directly on to it. This provides denser vapour clouds which some people feel provide a more intense sensation, particularly at the back of the throat.

Who uses e-cigarettes?

A recent survey found that about 2.8 million adults in Great Britain use e-cigarettes. 1.3 million of these have completely stopped smoking. When they were first launched, there was a concern that young people who had never smoked would experiment with e-cigarettes and then move on to smoking tobacco. This does not seem to have happened. Among the under-18s, whilst experimentation with e-cigarettes is fairly common, regular use is rare. Most e-cigarette users, who use e-cigarettes have previously smoked tobacco.

What are the benefits?

Current evidence suggests that e-cigarettes are 95% safer than tobacco as normal cigarettes contain nicotine. This even applies to pregnant women. The research done so far suggests that they are at least as effective as as other forms of nicotine replacement therapy in helping people stop smoking (smoking cessation). One study suggests that daily use of a tank device is the best option for most people.

E-cigarettes are not intended to be used alongside ordinary cigarettes but are intended to replace them. They are best used as part of a stop smoking programme. In the UK free face-to-face support can be obtained from local NHS advisers. Read more about how to stop smoking.

What are the risks?

E-cigarettes are not risk-free although it can't be repeated often enough that they are much less risky than cigarettes. As well as nicotine, they contain potentially harmful chemicals but at much lower levels than those found in cigarettes.

The short-term risks of e-cigarettes are therefore minimal compared to cigarettes, so if you are currently a smoker you would do well to start using them instead. If you have never been a smoker, it is pointless to take on the risk of using them, however small.

Current advice from the NHS is that, along with other forms of nicotine replacement, e-cigarettes are much less risky in pregnancy than smoking tobacco.

Unlike passive smoking, there is no evidence that the vapour produced by e-cigarettes is dangerous to bystanders.

Because they are relatively new on the market, the long-term safety of e-cigarettes is not yet known. They are being monitored but information will need to be gathered over several years before any conclusions can be reached.

Regulation of e-cigarettes

In the UK e-cigarettes are regulated by the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations 2016. This ensures that the e-cigarettes you buy will have been assessed for quality and consistency and that sufficient information about them is made available to the public. The size of tanks and refills is now also restricted to ensure that people do not use excessive amounts of nicotine.

Since October 2015 it has become illegal for retailers in England and Wales to sell e-cigarettes to people under the age of 18 years or to adults buying them on behalf of people under the age of 18 years.

Are e-cigarettes available on prescription?

Unlike other forms of nicotine replacement, e-cigarettes are not yet available on prescription in the UK. This is because although they are regulated by the Government, none of the products is yet registered with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Registration with the MHRA for any pharmaceutical product is a long and expensive process and none of the manufacturers has yet considered it worthwhile to go down this route. However, there is talk that the Government may make it easier for e-cigarettes to be registered in the future. If this ever happens, you'll hear about it in the media.

What do I do if I think I've had a side-effect to e-cigarettes?

As mentioned above, e-cigarettes are low-risk in the short term but they are relatively new products which are still being monitored. The manufacturers and the Government rely on reports from members of the public about any safety concerns. This is known as post-marketing surveillance.

Since 20th May 2016 the MHRA has collected safety concerns about e-cigarettes and their refill containers through its Yellow Card Scheme.

You can report any side-effects of e-cigarettes online at the following web address: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.