Where does a fear of vaccines come from?

Feature illustrated by Amy Leonard.

Back in July, when a COVID-19 vaccine seemed far off, a YouGov poll revealed that nearly one third of people said they would probably or definitely refuse to have it, should one be developed.

Fast forward four months and the public is apparently now more receptive. The proportion of people who wouldn't have the jab has fallen to one in five and, positively, more than two thirds now say they would have it.

Although encouraging, that's still a long way off the up-to 90% of the population who, according to scientists, would need to be immunised for it to be effective at stopping COVID-19 in its tracks by generating so-called 'herd immunity'.

So, what's behind this apprehension and how can it be tackled to keep people safe from dangerous diseases like coronavirus?

Nobody enjoys having a blood test or an injection, but for some people, the thought of a needle puncturing their skin can send shivers down the spine. In fact, it's thought that between 3.5 and 10% of the population suffer from trypanophobia - an extreme fear and avoidance of injections or having blood taken.

Learning from experience

Marie Brown from Kent knows first-hand the impact a fear of needles can have on your life. Former globetrotter Marie used to plan her far-flung travels around her fear.

"I used to be terrified of vaccines," she says. "I've been all over the place, travelling around Asia, South Africa and Europe, but whether I would need vaccinations was a strong influencing factor when I was deciding where to go."

Now aged 49, Marie can't pinpoint a specific incident that could have triggered her fear, but recalls being apprehensive about having immunisations at school. "The first vaccination I can remember having was my BCG at 11 or 12 years old. I was definitely fearful," she recalls. "My memory is of my classmates screaming as they had it done, and a fair amount of hysteria. So my fear possibly could have been caused by other people's anxiety."

According to psychotherapist Gin Lalli, this is fairly common; phobias often develop from learned behaviour. "A needle phobia does not have to have had a traumatic needle association, although they often do," she explains. "When we are highly stressed, we go into survival mode and that means we revert to trying to keep ourselves safe by staying away from the perceived danger - in this case, needles.

"I explain it that we have a little filing cabinet in our brain - the hippocampus - and we refer to that for all our behaviour patterns. The first time we actively filed away the experience of getting a vaccination is really important."

If that first experience was traumatic or frightening, that becomes the blueprint for your response if and when you encounter the same experience again. So, a pattern of fear develops.

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Suspicion of and myths surrounding vaccines in general are also driving mistrust about a COVID-19 jab, with the growth of the anti-vaccine movement facilitated largely by social media.

A report by the Centre for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) found that anti-vax social media accounts have gained almost 8 million new followers since 2019. The global coronavirus pandemic and focus on a potential vaccine to stop its spread have undoubtedly brought anti-vax sentiment to the fore.

Huge swathes of the population have seen anti-vax messaging and in addition to many people believing them, these posts have put doubt into the mind of an even higher proportion.

While it should go without saying that all the myths above are without the smallest basis in truth, health leaders and doctors could face a struggle to convince people to take up a vaccine when it becomes widely available.

Speed of development

Arguably, it's understandable that people are worried about the COVID-19 vaccines we're hearing so much about because they've had to be researched, developed and trialled very quickly - all under the glare of the public eye.

Dr Simon Royal is a GP at a practice in Nottingham that was involved in the trial of the Oxford vaccine. "Things have moved quickly and typically a big vaccine study like the one we've been involved with would take months of planning," he explains.

"But it has been meticulously planned and the vaccines have all been through the normal and very stringent NHS ethics and safety approvals, so people can be assured that any vaccine that becomes available is safe and effective."

How can you overcome your fears?

Whether you have a phobia of needles, or you’re concerned about possible risks associated with vaccines, the chances are there will come a time when you need to confront the problem.

Focus on the outcome

For Marie, that time came when she had difficulty conceiving and needed to undergo in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to have a baby. She describes being like a 'human pin cushion' throughout the treatment, which involves lots of blood tests and series of hormone injections.

"It wasn't easy coping with the needles, but the prize at the end was worth overcoming it," Marie comments. "I certainly don't enjoy needles now, but having gone through all that, I've learned to tolerate them and, although it's unpleasant and it can be painful, you just have to get on with it."

The trade-off, although certainly not guaranteed, was worthwhile for Marie - and she applies a similar logic to being immunised against COVID-19, which she plans to do. "It's not so much that it will benefit me, but if we need people to be vaccinated for herd immunity, then I will willingly do my bit because it will benefit society as a whole."

Gin adds that for anyone who's unsure about having the jab, for whatever reason, it's important to keep the outcome in mind. In the case of COVID-19, that is to protect yourself and others from the virus and its effects, which are particularly potent for those who are clinically extremely vulnerable.

"You need to remember why you're getting the vaccine, seek out the right information, and remain objective and rational," she comments.

Finding out more

Dr Royal suggests it's entirely normal that people will want more information about immunisation against coronavirus. "We expect people to have questions about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. There has been a lot of publicity and sometimes it's difficult to distinguish between trustworthy reports and fake news," he says.

"Before a national programme is rolled out I expect much more information to be made available from the various agencies involved in its planning and delivery so that we can all make informed choices."

In addition, if you're in doubt, your pharmacist or practice nurse should be able to provide information about the vaccine and its pros and cons.

Calm your fears

If your issue is fear-related, there are steps you can take, too. "Try to go to your vaccination appointment after a good night's sleep, when you're feeling calm and relaxed, rather than after a stressful day at work for example, because that stress could trigger the fight or flight response," Gin says. "Take deep breaths when you're there, and explain to the person administering the vaccine that you're nervous - they should be able to help to keep you calm."

More severe fears and phobias will probably need to be addressed in consultation with a specialist therapist, who can use different techniques to support you to overcome your fear.