Stress incontinence

Weakened pelvic floor muscles cannot support the bladder and urine outlet (urethra) as well as they should. The pressure is too much for the bladder outlet to withstand and so urine leaks out.

Childbirth is a common reason for a weak pelvic floor. The main treatment for stress incontinence is pelvic floor exercises. Surgery to tighten or support the bladder outlet can also help. Medication may be used in addition to exercises if you do not want, or are not suitable for, surgery.

Symptoms

Stress incontinence occurs when urine leaks because there is a sudden extra pressure within the tummy (abdomen) and on the bladder.

This pressure (or stress) may be caused by things like coughing, laughing, sneezing or exercising (such as running or jumping).

Small amounts of urine may leak but sometimes it can be quite a lot and can cause embarrassment.

Your doctor or nurse may ask you to keep a chart to record the times you pass urine, the amount of urine you pass on each occasion, and the times you leak urine (are incontinent).

Causes

Most cases of stress incontinence are due to weakened pelvic floor muscles. Pelvic floor muscles are often weakened by childbirth. The pelvic floor muscles are a group of muscles that wrap around the underside of the bladder and back passage (rectum). Stress incontinence is common in women who have had children, particularly if they have had several vaginal deliveries.

It is also more common with increasing age, as the muscles become weaker, particularly after the menopause. Stress incontinence is also more common in women who are obese. Stress incontinence can occur in men who have had some treatments for prostate cancer. This includes surgical removal of the prostate (prostatectomy) and radiotherapy.

Treatment options

First-line treatment involves strengthening the pelvic floor muscles with pelvic floor exercises. About 6 in 10 cases of stress incontinence can be cured or much improved with this treatment. If you are overweight and incontinent then you should first try to lose weight in conjunction with any other treatments. Medication may be used in addition to exercises if you do not want, or are not suitable for, surgery.

Surgery may be offered if the problem continues and is a significant problem. Non-surgical options should be used before any operations are considered.

Some general lifestyle measures which may help

• Your GP may refer you to the local continence adviser. Continence advisors can give advice on treatments, especially pelvic floor exercises. If incontinence remains a problem, they can also give lots of advice on how to cope. Examples include the supply of various appliances and aids such as incontinence pads, etc.

• Getting to the toilet. Make this as easy as possible. If you have difficulty getting about, consider special adaptations like a handrail or a raised seat in your toilet. Sometimes a commode in the bedroom makes life much easier.

• Obesity. Stress incontinence is more common in women who are obese. Weight loss is advised in those who are overweight or obese. It has been shown that losing a modest amount of weight can improve urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. Even just 5-10% weight loss can help symptoms.

• Smoking can cause cough which can aggravate symptoms of incontinence. It would help not to smoke.

Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles - pelvic floor exercises

It is important that you exercise the correct muscles. Your doctor may refer you to a continence advisor or physiotherapist for advice on the exercises. They may ask you to do a pelvic floor exercise while they examine you internally, to make sure you are doing them correctly. The sort of exercises are as follows:

Learning to exercise the correct muscles

• Sit in a chair with your knees slightly apart. Imagine you are trying to stop wind escaping from your back passage (anus). You will have to squeeze the muscle just above the entrance to the anus. You should feel some movement in the muscle. Don't move your buttocks or legs.

• Now imagine you are passing urine and are trying to stop the stream. You will find yourself using slightly different parts of the pelvic floor muscles to the first exercise (ones nearer the front). These are the ones to strengthen.

• If you are not sure that you are exercising the right muscles, put a couple of fingers into your vagina. You should feel a gentle squeeze when doing the exercise. Another way to check that you are doing the exercises correctly is to use a mirror. The area between your vagina and your anus will move away from the mirror when you squeeze.

• The first few times you try these exercises, you may find it easier to do them lying down.

Medication

Duloxetine is a medicine that is usually used to treat depression. However, it was found to help with stress incontinence separate to its effect on depression. It is thought to work by interfering with certain chemicals that are used in transmitting nerve impulses to muscles. This helps the muscles around the urethra to contract more strongly.

One study showed that in about 6 in 10 women who took duloxetine, the number of urine leakages halved compared to the time before they took the medication. Therefore, on its own, duloxetine is not likely to cure the incontinence but may help to make it less of a problem. However, duloxetine in addition to pelvic floor exercises may give a better chance of curing the incontinence than either treatment alone.

Duloxetine may be advised if pelvic floor exercises alone are not helping to treat your stress incontinence. It is usually advised in women who do not want to undergo surgery, or in women who have health problems that may mean that surgery is unsuitable.

Surgery

Various surgical operations are used to treat stress incontinence. These operations aim to tighten or support the muscles and structures below the bladder. In general, surgery for stress incontinence is often successful.

NICE has recommended that women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence should be offered at least three months of supervised pelvic floor training before other options for treatment are considered.

NICE has stated that surgery, including mesh surgery, can be considered in limited cases for women with stress incontinence. However, they have recommended that a Regional Multidisciplinary Team should discuss the treatment in all these cases:

• Women having repeat surgery.

• Women who may want to have children in the future.

• Women who also have bowel problems that may need additional surgery.

• Any woman for whom mesh surgery might be considered.

• Any woman who has had mesh surgery which might have caused complications.

The multidisciplinary team should include a wide variety of specialists from all the medical areas which might be involved. Any woman having mesh surgery should be offered a follow-up appointment within six months of her surgery. Details of any woman having surgery should be included in a national registry, so that complications can be tracked more accurately.

Vaginal mesh
Surgery using vaginal mesh has been found to cause severe complications in some women, including pain, vaginal discharge or bleeding, and bladder or bowel problems. If you are considering surgery using vaginal mesh, you should be made fully aware of the risks involved. You should also be offered a follow-up appointment with six months of the surgery.

Tension-free vaginal tape
The tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure is the name of an operation often used to treat stress incontinence. It involves a sling of man-made (synthetic) tape being used to support the urine outlet (urethra) and bladder neck. Sometimes a sling is made using tissue from another part of the patient's own body, such as the tummy (abdominal) muscles.

Colposuspension
Colposuspension is the name of another operation to support the urethra and treat stress incontinence.

Other surgical options
If you have a vaginal prolapse there is a weakness of the support structures of the pelvis and one or more of the organs of the body drops down into the vagina. Commonly, the prolapse involves the bladder. This is known as a cystocele. Surgical repair of this weakness (called an anterior repair) is often performed to treat the associated urinary incontinence. See the separate leaflet called Genitourinary Prolapse for more details.

Other procedures involve injections of bulking agents around the bladder entrance, to keep it closed. These injections may be either natural materials (such as fat) or synthetic ones (such as silicone).

Transvaginal laser therapy is another treatment option for stress urinary incontinence. However there is currently too little evidence on long-term safety and benefit for NICE to recommend it as a treatment option.

Can stress incontinence be prevented?

If you do regular pelvic floor exercises (as described above) during pregnancy and after you have a baby then stress incontinence is less likely to develop following childbirth and in later life. Maintaining an average weight for your height will also help.