Does the flu jab make you immune to flu?

Flu is a particularly nasty virus that flares up during the winter months. Each year, the virus mutates slightly, meaning that vulnerable groups need to be vaccinated each year to protect against new strains. Scientists around the world work hard to predict the particular strains that may abound each winter and create a vaccine purpose-built for the flu season.

While some of us may suffer a milder illness if we contract the flu, others - particularly older people and those with underlying health conditions - may well suffer serious side-effects. Each year, thousands of people die from this disease and many deaths could be prevented if the vaccine were more widely used.

How does the vaccine work?

Like many vaccines, the flu jab works by introducing a deactivated form of the flu virus into your system. Your body will then produce an immune reaction that should help to protect you if and when you are exposed to the genuine virus. This is because your body will recognise the virus and will know how to deal with it.

As the flu mutates each year, the particular strains of this virus need to be predicted and the vaccine altered to cope with the particular mutations, the flu jab is not 100% effective. The effectiveness of the vaccine varies from year to year, but in general tends to be around 60%. "The flu jab tends to decrease the risk of illness by about 60% - probably more," explains GP Doctor Jeff Foster.

Might the vaccine give me flu?

Some people who have received the flu vaccine have complained afterwards of having a 'flu-like' illness. However, although some people do have a mild reaction - such as a low-grade fever, headache or tiredness - it is impossible to genuinely catch flu from the vaccine. "There is a myth that having the flu injection can give you flu, but as it's an inactive virus it's not physically possible," explains Dr Foster.

"There are anecdotal reports of people who say they became sick after the flu jab. But that is likely to be because people have a background illness that they either didn't tell their healthcare provider about or didn't realise they had at the time. It's important to speak with your healthcare provider if you're feeling unwell when you go for your vaccine."

Patient picks for Vaccinations

Infections

We ask a GP what to expect after vaccinations

Vaccinations are a routine and highly effective way of protecting adults and children against an array of diseases, and complications or side effects are rare. We ask a GP for advice about what to expect after vaccinations.

by Julian Turner

Infections

Immunisation for flu

Getting the flu vaccine (also called the flu jab or flu shot) is a safe and effective way to protect against becoming seriously ill with flu.

by Dr Doug McKechnie, MRCGP

Do I need the vaccine?

If your doctor recommends that you have the vaccine because of underlying health conditions or if you're over 50 the answer is a straightforward 'yes'. This year, those who spend time around vulnerable people, including carers and anyone who lives with someone on the NHS clinically extremely vulnerable (shielded) list, as well as some children, are also being offered a vaccine as there is a possibility of contracting both coronavirus and influenza at the same time.

Even if you're not eligible for a free vaccine, you can book one privately at your local pharmacy.

As with all vaccines, the more uptake there is, the more the disease can be suppressed in the general population. "This year we are for the first time encouraging people in lower risk groups to have a vaccine. If you contract both viruses at once, it could be a deadly cocktail," explains Dr Foster.

I think I've had flu - am I immune?

Even if you've had flu or been vaccinated in recent years, you will not be immune to the virus because there will be new strains each flu season. It's also very possible to think you've had flu when in fact you’ve had an illness that presents in a similar way - this can make people feel complacent when they really shouldn't be.

"There are misunderstandings about the flu. A lot of people say they've got the flu, or 'mild flu' or a 'touch of flu'. But often what they're actually talking about is a particularly bad case of the common cold. We've got to really shift our understanding of what is flu and what is a bad cold. Flu is more serious than a cold - it can completely wipe you out," explains Dr Foster.

I've never had the flu - am I immune?

Sadly, there are no lucky people who have natural immunity to the flu. So if you've never contracted the illness, it is much more likely that you have simply been lucky.

"There are people who say they've never had flu, so feel they will never get it," agrees Dr Foster. "But it's similar to saying you've never been hit by a bus. Just because it hasn't happened doesn't mean you can't get sick."

So - should I get vaccinated?

The answer is, if you have the opportunity to get vaccinated then you should take it up - particularly this year. Not only will it help to reduce your risk of contracting flu and becoming ill, it will also reduce the risk of contracting coronavirus and influenza at the same time.

In addition, as with all vaccines, having the vaccine will not only protect you, but will help to protect those around you and the wider society.

If you have any concerns about your particular health problems, it's worth having a chat with your pharmacist or GP who can advise.