Osgood-Schlatter disease
Peer reviewed by Dr Colin Tidy, MRCGPLast updated by Dr Laurence KnottLast updated 21 Jul 2021
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Professional Reference articles are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. You may find the Osgood-Schlatter disease article more useful, or one of our other health articles.
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Osgood-Schlatter disease is a self-limiting disorder of the knee, found during adolescence.
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Pathogenesis
Osgood-Schlatter disease is common in active adolescents, possibly caused by multiple small avulsion fractures from contractions of the quadriceps muscles at their insertion into the proximal tibial apophysis (ossification centre)1 .
This condition usually occurs during the adolescent growth spurt before the tibial tuberosity has finished ossification. The strength of quadriceps, in children regularly practising sports that involve running and jumping, may exceed the ability of the tibial tuberosity to resist that force. As the avulsed fragments heal and grow, the tibial tubercle may enlarge. The extent will depend on the severity and frequency of injury.
Epidemiology
Osgood-Schlatter disease is one of the common causes of knee pain in active adolescents who play sports.
The common age for boys is between 12 and 15 years and for girls, between 8 and 12 years2 .
Knee pain is common in athletes. Both knees are affected in up to 30% of people with the condition.
It is more common in boys than in girls.
It is seen in children who participate in sports such as football, basketball, gymnastics and volleyball.
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Presentation
Symptoms
Patients typically present with the gradual onset of pain and swelling below the knee
Pain is usually relieved by rest and made worse by activities that extend the knee against resistance, particularly running or jumping.
Signs
Examination reveals tenderness and swelling at the tibial tuberosity.
Pain is provoked by knee extension against resistance or by hyperflexing the knee with the person lying prone.
Hip examination is important because some childhood hip conditions (eg, slipped capital femoral epiphysis) can refer pain to the knee.
Investigations
X-rays can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. They are not always necessary if diagnosis is obvious clinically.
Radiographic changes may show the irregularity of apophysis, with separation from the tibial tuberosity in early stages and fragmentation in the later stages2 .
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Differential diagnosis of knee pain
Knee pain that is severe, persists at night or at rest, or is associated with bone pain at other sites, should be investigated urgently or the child should be referred. A bone tumour should be suspected.
Knee pain associated with systemic symptoms
Knee pain associated with an abnormal examination of the hip
Transient synovitis.
Knee pain associated with injury
Knee pain not associated with trauma or systemic symptoms
Management
General measures
Most patients respond to conservative treatment consisting of rest from painful activities and application of ice.
Advice about exercise should be tailored to the level of pain experienced by the patient, ie if they are able to continue with minimal discomfort, advise them to continue and return if they deteriorate. If symptoms are disturbing normal routine, a change may be needed in duration, frequency or intensity of exercise.
Physiotherapy can be helpful by stretching, strengthening, and reducing muscle imbalance of the quadriceps, hamstrings, calf muscles, and iliotibial band3 .
If patients cannot tolerate a modified programme, a period of rest should be advised. Once symptoms have decreased to an acceptable level, advise introducing low-impact quadriceps exercises before gradually increasing the intensity of exercise. If symptoms recur, patients should stop exercises or reduce their intensity. Gradually re-establish exercise or increase exercise intensity on the basis of symptoms.
Referral to a physiotherapist may be necessary to manage rehabilitation, particularly if recovery is slow.
If pain persists into adulthood a referral to secondary care for assessment is recommended.
Pharmacological
Simple analgesia such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, as needed, for pain.
Corticosteroid injection is not recommended.
One study has shown that injection of the patellar tendon enthesis/tibial apophysis with 12.5% dextrose was safe and well tolerated in adolescents with recalcitrant Osgood-Schlatter disease4 . This treatment resulted in more rapid and frequent achievement of unaltered sport and asymptomatic sport. However, a subsequent randomised trial failed to show any superiority over saline injections5 .
Surgical6
Operative intervention is usually only required in refractory cases in patients who have reached skeletal maturity (~2%) or in cases of tibial avulsion fracture.
Open or arthroscopic excision of ossicle under the distal patellar tendon and/or tibial tubercle are the usual options.
Surgical treatment usually gives excellent results in these unresolved cases.
Prognosis6
Nearly 50% of patients have fully recovered within 1-2 years; nearly half of all patients have completely recovered. Symptoms disappear when the growth plate closes. However, a prominent bump may be left which can be tender to palpation or cause difficulty with kneeling.
Further reading and references
- Osgood-Schlatter Disease; NICE CKS, October 2020 (UK access only)
- Smith JM, Varacallo M; Osgood Schlatter Disease
- de Lucena GL, dos Santos Gomes C, Guerra RO; Prevalence and associated factors of Osgood-Schlatter syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):415-20. doi: 10.1177/0363546510383835. Epub 2010 Nov 12.
- Hanada M, Koyama H, Takahashi M, et al; Relationship between the clinical findings and radiographic severity in Osgood-Schlatter disease. Open Access J Sports Med. 2012 Mar 9;3:17-20. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S29115. eCollection 2012.
- Weiler R, Ingram M, Wolman R; 10-Minute Consultation. Osgood-Schlatter disease. BMJ. 2011 Aug 1;343:d4534. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4534.
- Topol GA, Podesta LA, Reeves KD, et al; Hyperosmolar dextrose injection for recalcitrant Osgood-Schlatter disease. Pediatrics. 2011 Nov;128(5):e1121-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1931. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
- Rabago D, Reeves KD, Topol GA, et al; Infrapatellar bursal injection with dextrose and saline are both effective treatments for Osgood-Schlatter disease. Letter to editor for: No superiority of dextrose injections over placebo injections for Osgood-Schlatter disease: a prospective randomized doubleblind study https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-019-03297-2. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2020 Apr;140(4):591-592. doi: 10.1007/s00402-020-03355-0. Epub 2020 Jan 25.
- Kuwabara A, Kraus E, Fredericson M; Narrative Review - Knee Pain in the Pediatric Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2021 Jun;14(3):239-245. doi: 10.1007/s12178-021-09708-5. Epub 2021 Apr 5.
Article history
The information on this page is written and peer reviewed by qualified clinicians.
Next review due: 20 Jul 2026
21 Jul 2021 | Latest version
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