What's your ageotype: the four main ways we age

Ageotype - which part of your body is oldest?

We all age as we get older, but how we individually age is different, and this is because different parts of our bodies age at varying rates. The older a particular body part, the higher chance you have of certain health problems - and this is related to how quickly its cells are declining or becoming damaged.

Although the ageing process is multi-layered - influenced by genes, the environment, and lifestyle factors - scientists have identified four main ways that individuals age, each corresponding to a particular part of our bodies¹. Each of these distinct ageing patterns is known as an ageotype.

Dr Kerry Aston, a rheumatologist specialising in longevity, outlines some of the key reasons why parts of our bodies age differently:

• • Cellular turnover - "Different tissues and organs in our bodies have varying rates of cellular turnover. For instance, your skin has rapid cell turnover - think how quickly it's able to start repairing after you cut yourself. In contrast, neurons in the brain have limited capacity to regenerate which will make them more susceptible to age-related decline."

  • Oxidative stress - "Oxidative stress is cell damage caused by unstable atoms known as free radicals. Organs and systems that are more exposed to oxidative stress, like the skin and lungs, may age faster."

  • Genetic factors - "Some people may have genes that make them more resilient to ageing in certain areas, while others may be genetically predisposed to age faster."

  • Environmental influences - "Lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and exposure to toxins, can impact the rate of ageing in specific organs. For example, regular exercise can slow down muscle and bone ageing, while a poor diet can accelerate the ageing of vital organs."

Ageotypes are overlapping

But we don't all fit neatly into one of four ageotypes. If you are showing signs of ageing in one of these body parts, this doesn't mean you're not also ageing in another one, or two - or even all four.

For example, in the study²:

• • • One person had strong signs of being a kidney (nephrotic) ageotype but was also found to be ageing at a slower rate in the other three ageotypes. This means that as they age, they might struggle with high blood pressure, but find it easier than others to keep a healthy weight and ward off infections.

    • Another person displayed strong patterns in metabolic and kidney ageing, but not in the immune system or liver (hepatic). With age, they might need to work harder to avoid type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity through lifestyle choices. But, they may be able to maintain a healthy liver and an immune system that successfully fights inflammation.

For many people in the study, all four ageotypes were strong - indicating that there was significant age-related decline in all four parts of their bodies. However, ageing is a natural and inevitable part of life. No matter how many ageotypes you fall into, these don't guarantee you'll experience specific health problems.

In fact, everyone in the study was healthy - the liver (hepatic) ageotypes had no liver problem symptoms, just as there were no autoimmune diseases among the immune ageotypes.

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Are ageotypes the key to longevity?

What ageotype categories may do is help you make better lifestyle choices, by revealing which health problems might be higher risk for you. Dr Aston explains:

"Pinpointing the organ under the most stress - the 'oldest' part of your body - and focusing your efforts there will offer the most significant benefits to your overall health and longevity.

"For instance, if testing reveals that you have the metabolic ageotype, indicating a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, you can take measures that improve your insulin sensitivity, support weight management, and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. This includes:"

• • • Reducing how much sugar and processed food you eat.

    • Increasing your intake of fibre-rich foods.

    • Introducing regular physical activity.

Ageing is inevitable, but the rate at which we age may not be. In the study, while some people's ageotype markers increased over two years, in others they declined when those people changed their lifestyle.

They didn't stop ageing, but the ageing process was slowed in certain organs. This was particularly apparent in the kidney - when levels of the beneficial molecules creatine and hemoglobin A1c increased² - helped by weight loss, diet changes, or taking medicines called statins.

Yet, in a handful of cases where ageing slowed, there were no obvious reasons why. No changes that involved diet, exercise, or medicines. Ageing is complex and affected by other factors like genetics and life stresses, and researchers are only beginning to unravel how truly personal ageing might be.

Can we really slow down ageing?

We've come a long way in understanding ageotypes, why different parts of our bodies seem to age differently, and how our behaviour affects this. "However," says Dr Aston, "this field is continually evolving, and there's still much more to uncover about the implications of this knowledge and how we can best use this information."

She highlights the work that needs to be done before we have truly targeted and personalised treatments for ageing:

• • • Knowledge gaps - "There is still much we don't know about the links between genetics, environment, and ageotypes. Further research is needed to identify if there are more ageotypes and refine the existing catagories."

    • Intervention strategies - "While we have insights into how lifestyle changes can affect ageotypes, more research is needed to develop treatments and methods for slowing down the ageing process in specific body parts."

    • Personalised approaches - "It's still early days when it comes to using our knowledge of ageotypes to give people useful and personalised lifestyle advice that could help them live longer."

Still, just knowing your ageotype, or ageotypes, could be a powerful tool - but don't expect test kits to become available any time soon. It takes a huge amount of data, collected over a long period, to determine this information.

But more studies and data can move this area forward, and with this, researchers believe that ageotypes may ultimately become a useful tool for monitoring and intervening in ageing.

Further reading

• 1. Stanford Medicine: Ageotypes provide window into how individuals age, Stanford study reports.

  2. Ahadi et al: Personal aging markers and ageotypes revealed by deep longitudinal profiling.