Cow's milk allergy in babies: What is the milk ladder?

What is a milk allergy?

Cow’s milk allergy, also known as a cow's milk protein allergy, is a reaction to the proteins found in cow's milk. The symptoms can appear either immediately after consuming cow's milk - an IgE mediated reaction - or the reaction may be delayed by up to 48 hours, a non-IgE mediated reaction. Some babies may have both immediate and delayed reactions.

Cow's milk allergy symptoms range from mild to severe and can include skin rashes, breathing problems, vomiting, reflux, diarrhoea and bloody mucus in the stools.

Once your baby has received a diagnosis of a cow's milk allergy the goal is to manage the allergy to eliminate the symptoms. This means excluding cow's milk and foods containing cow's milk from their diet for a period of time, with the aim of reintroducing it later.

Often, cow's milk products can be introduced from 12 months of age, although this can depend on the child and the severity of their allergy. This process is called the milk ladder.

Patient picks for Food allergy and intolerance

Allergies, blood & immune system

How to wean a baby with a cow's milk allergy

Introducing your baby to solids can be challenging. From tummy troubles to fussy eaters and cleaning pureed vegetables off the floor, weaning can be both fun and difficult. Adding a cow's milk allergy into the mix can be an additional stress, but there are steps you can take to make weaning a baby with an allergy easier.

by Lydia Smith

Allergies, blood & immune system

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the body has difficulty digesting lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy foods. People with lactose intolerance may get diarrhoea, stomach pains and bloating if they drink milk or eat dairy foods. Some people are born with a tendency to develop lactose intolerance; others get it as a result of gastroenteritis or chemotherapy. The treatment is mainly to avoid lactose.

by Dr Doug McKechnie, MRCGP

What is the milk ladder?

The milk ladder is a process by which cow's milk is introduced into a baby's diet very gradually. Each food that is introduced contains increasing levels of cow's milk protein. The process starts with cooked or processed milk products before moving onto raw, uncooked dairy items.

You should only start using the milk ladder when advised to do so by your child’s doctor or dietitian.

Who can use the milk ladder?

The milk ladder can only be followed by infants and children with a mild to moderate cow's milk allergy - a non-IgE mediated milk allergy. It is not suitable for children with a cow's milk allergy that results in severe or immediate allergic reactions, such as breathing problems and wheezing.

Milk ladder graphic

When should your baby start the milk ladder?

Normally, the milk ladder is only started once your child has been on a milk-free diet for at least six months and they are well.

Your doctor or dietitian will advise which step of the milk ladder to start on. Most children will start by trying the foods in the first step. There are six steps on the milk ladder, which include specific foods and the amount you should give your baby. However, you may be advised to give your baby other quantities depending on their needs and you should always stick to the advice given by your doctor or dietitian.

Some of the foods included on the milk ladder may seem unusual, but they are included because they contain a specific amount of cow's milk protein which is suitable for the dairy reintroduction process.

You can speak to your doctor about using alternative foods to those suggested on the milk ladder.

You should only start the milk ladder when your child is healthy and well. It’s also a good idea to start it in the morning so you can monitor whether they have a reaction to the cow's milk over the day.

How long will the milk ladder take?

How long the reintroduction process takes depends on the child and how they react to dairy. Although many children do grow out of a cow's milk allergy², not all children are able to tolerate it.

Your child will only be able to move on to the next step on the milk ladder once they are fully tolerating the milk containing food in the step they are on. This means that they have been able to eat the food more than once, in the quantities suggested on the milk ladder and don’t suffer any allergic reactions as a result.

Sometimes, it can take up to two or three days for allergy symptoms to appear after eating a food. Therefore, it is advisable to allow at least three days on a step before considering whether to move up the milk ladder.

How to tell if your baby is reacting to foods on the milk ladder

Symptoms can include vomiting, stomach ache, bloating, diarrhoea, eczema, swelling to the face and wheezing. Any allergic reactions that affect breathing should be treated as a medical emergency. See anaphylaxis.

If your child has a severe or immediate reaction, stop the milk ladder and speak to your doctor before restarting it, or seek emergency treatment if necessary.

Further reading

1. Allergy UK: Your baby's cow milk allergy journey