Cost of living crisis: is our health paying the price?

Why is there a cost of living crisis?

The cost of living crisis refers to the fall in disposable income, caused by tax increases and the rising costs of typical goods and services - known as inflation - since late 2021.

These changes were triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, which froze economies around the world. It can take a while for economies to bounce back, and so as the world reopened and demand for goods and services returned to previous levels, crucial shortages - including oil, gas, and lorry drivers - drove prices up.

Since 2021, several other factors have made the situation worse. At the forefront is the war between Russia and Ukraine. Fuel supplies and other essential industrial goods from these countries are either suffering shortages due to factory closures (from Ukraine) or have been intentionally cut off (from Russia).

In the UK in 2022, food and energy prices continued to rise - 9.6% by October 2022, which was the fastest rate in four decades. Since then, while inflation has continued its annual pace has slowed down. In the UK in August 2023, this was 6.3%¹.

What is the impact on health and quality of life?

In the UK, the rising cost of living continues to affect many people's health and quality of life.

Health inequalities between richer and poorer people are also apparent, with the latter experiencing a greater toll on their health. Sadly, the differences in health and healthcare access between different socio-economic groups is a long-standing issue, with the impact of these differences worsening due to the cost of living crisis.

It's also thought that health inequalities are costing the NHS in England £4.8 billion a year. People from the most deprived fifth of neighbourhoods in the UK have 72% more emergency hospital visits and 20% more planned visits than people living in the most affluent 20% of neighbourhoods.

"The surprise of the cost of living crisis is that people in above-average income groups are affected, too," adds Professor Sir Michael Marmot, director of the UCL Institute of Health Equity. "Food, heating, and transport appear to be having the greatest effect."

Cost of living - heating

Poorer health is partly linked to the rising cost of heating. The price cap rise of gas in April 2022 increased the maximum amount suppliers could charge you for each unit of energy you use. This caused an unprecedented rise in UK household energy bills - the average UK bill increasing by a whopping 54%. This pushed the number of homes living in fuel poverty to 6.3 million³.

In October 2023 this UK price cap will drop - a reduction of around £151 a year for a typical household - but experts warn that energy still remains expensive, and could rise again mid-winter⁴.

The health risks

As autumn and winter approach, people who try ot use small amounts of heating to afford their bills are at risk of cold-related health problems. Elderly people are particularly vulnerable because they lose body heat faster⁵.

An older person with a body temperature below 35C is at risk of health problems such as:

• Hypothermia.

• Heart attack.

• Liver damage.

• Kidney problems.

A cold house can also exacerbate less serious yet uncomfortable complaints, such as skin conditions like ulcers.

Cost of living - food

In the UK in 2022, food prices increased at the fastest rate for 40 years.

Grocery inflation

Although the rate of price increases have slowed in 2023, food shopping remains expensive. Inflation is pushing fresh and less processed foods further out of reach for wide stretches of the public. Instead, many are turning to cheaper, less nutritious options such as microwave meals, or cutting back on food completely⁶.

The health risks

A diet with lower nutritional quality increases the risk of many health issues, such as:

• Constipation.

• Type 2 diabetes.

• Heart disease and stroke.

• Some cancers - for example, obesity increases the risk of many cancers, including of the colon, kidney, and breast.

• Nutrient deficiencies - for example, iron-deficiency anaemia.

Cost of living - transport

The cost of living crisis is also having an impact on our health in less direct ways. With oil driving up fuel prices, nearly all of us are feeling the pinch.

Patient picks for Healthcare

General health and lifestyle

5 ways to look after your mental health this Christmas

From the hectic and often alcohol-fuelled festive run-up to hosting dinner on the big day, Christmas time comes with its own set of challenges. These five expert-advised tips can help you prioritise your mental health at Christmas.

by Amberley Davis

General health and lifestyle

Exercise and physical activity

Doing regular physical activity can make people feel good about themselves and it can have a number of benefits for health. For example, it reduces the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, many cancers, type 2 diabetes and 'thinning' of the bones (osteoporosis). Regular physical activity also helps to control weight and ease stress. Ideally, the aim should be at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on at least five days of the week but even 10 minutes is better than nothing. You should aim to do at least a couple of sessions of muscle-strengthening activities per week as well.

by Dr Pippa Vincent, MRCGP

The risk of isolation for those unable to travel as much, as well as the stress many of us experience each time we fill up our vehicle tanks, are also likely to affect our mental health in a big way.

The health risks

• Inaccessibility to healthcare - resulting in late/missed diagnosis and prevention of treatment.

• Increased isolation and loneliness - this can lead to depression, and anxiety, and increase the risk of mental decline in older people⁷.

• Stress - financial stress can reduce quality of life.

Don't underestimate financial stress

As wages fail to keep up with the cost of these essential amenities - as well as many other factors such as housing costs, swelling interest rates, and council tax rises - financial health, stability, and quality of life are on a lot of people's minds.

Mortgage rates also skyrocketed in 2021 and still remain high in late 2023. Homeowners coming off fixed-rate deals that were made before the cost of living crisis are now facing a very different landscape, and the price increase of their new deals may massively increase their outgoings and reduce their spare cash.

In the UK in May 2022⁸:

• 77% of adults reported feeling either somewhat or very worried about the cost of living crisis.

• 50% of those who were very worried felt these worries almost every day.

Health risks

Financial stress shouldn't be underestimated. In itself, stress can have a massive impact on our day-to-day lives and reduce our quality of life. Long-term, unmanaged stress can help to develop or worsen several mental and physical health conditions, including:

• Asthma.

• Rheumatoid arthritis.

• Depression.

• Anxiety.

• Cardiovascular disease (conditions of the heart and surrounding blood vessels).

• Chronic (long-term) pain.

Further reading

1. Office for National Statistics: Cost of living latest insights.

2. Loughborough University: Cost of living crisis shown to be negatively impacting the nation's health and wellbeing.

3. National Energy Action: Energy crisis.

4. Energy Saving Trust: Our response to the October 2023 price cap.

5. National Institute on Ageing, "Cold weather safety for older adults".

6. Age UK: Number of older people worried about heating their homes.

7. Age UK: Loneliness, depression, and anxiety.

8. Office for National Statistics: Worries about the rising costs of living, Great Britain: April to May 2022.